Distribution

Distribution or precedence refers to the study of the order of the syntactic constituents of a language. In the UNL^arium framework, the distribution is informed in the grammar, if general, or in the dictionary, in case of exceptions or categories that do not follow a regular distributional pattern (such as English adverbs). Distribution is not informed in UNL.

Values

In the UNL^arium framework, distribution may assume the following values:

Dictionary

Distribution is to be included in the dictionary in two cases:

• Exceptions to the general distribution rules, such as in some free order adjectives:
  • "it is the only solution possible" or "it is the only possible solution"
• Categories with irregular distribution, such as adverbs:
  • Usually I get up early.
  • I often get headaches.
  • She speaks English well.

Examples

• the
  • No distribution to be informed in the dictionary because, in English, articles are always premodifiers. The distribution of articles must be informed in the grammar.
• beautiful
  • No distribution to be informed in the dictionary because, in English, adjectives are normally premodifiers. The distribution of adjectives must be informed in the grammar. Only exceptions must be informed in the dictionary.
• very = BEF
  • In English, the distribution of adverbs is quite variable, and must be informed in the dictionary. The intensifier "very" is a premodifier: He is very rich (He is rich very)
• well = AFT
  • In English, the distribution of adverbs is quite variable, and must be informed in the dictionary. The adverb of manner "well" is a postmodifier: He speaks well (He well speaks)
• yesterday = FRE
  • In English, the distribution of adverbs is quite variable, and must be informed in the dictionary. The adverb of time "yesterday" may come either before or after the modified: Now I go or I go now.

Observations

Middle position is used only for words to be inserted inside others (i.e., between the prefix and the root, or the root and the suffix).

Adverbs coming between auxiliaries and verbs must be defined as premodifiers.

Grammar

In the grammar, distribution is defined through S-rules in the following format:

<SYNTACTIC ROLE>(+<DISTRIBUTION>);

Where:

• <SYNTACTIC ROLE> is the syntactic role (VA, VC, VS, VH, etc) of the constituent in relation to the head; and
• <DISTRIBUTION> is the position of the constituent in relation to the head. It may assume one of the distribution values indicated above ("FNT","BEF",">>",etc).

Examples

VS(+BEF);

the specifier must be generated to the left of the verb

VC(+AFT);

the complement must be generated to the right of the verb

Observations

Complex distribution

A single distribution rule may contain several distribution operations:

• VS(+BEF)VC(+AFT); (the specifier will be generated to the left and the complement to the right of the head)

Conditional distribution

Conditional distribution may be stated by defining the left side of the s-rule and coindexing it to the right side:

• VC(+AFT); (unconditional distribution: the complement will be always generated to the right of the verb);
• VC(PPR):=VC(+BEF); (conditional distribution: the complement will be generated to the left of the verb if a personal pronoun (PPR);

Use of "+"

As rules are conservative (i.e., features are preserved unless explicitly deleted), the use of "+" is actually optional:

• VC(AFT); is the same as VC(+AFT);

Reordering

Reordering can be done in three different ways:

• By L-rules, if the process involves neighbour constituents and affects only the surface structure of the phrase;
• By attribute change (i.e., deleting and adding distribution features), such as in "VC(-AFT,+BEF);" (i.e.,delete the "after" attribute and add the "before" attribute), in case of neighbour constituents or neighbour projections
• By movement, in case of more complex inversions and extraction of constituents

The symbol ^ is used for negation and to control infinite recursion

• VC(^AFT):=VC(AFT); (assign the "after" attribute to the complement of the verb if it does not have it yet)