Pronouns

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To be represented:
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'''Pronouns''' are LRUs that substitute other LRUs.
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*as pronoun UWs, in case of exophora (i.e., when reference is made to an extra-sentential referent); and
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== Natural Language ==
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In the UNL<sup>arium</sup> framework, pronouns are classified as follows:
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*'''personal (PPR)''' ("I", "me")
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*'''demonstrative (DEP)''' (“this”, in "this is my house") (not to be confounded with demonstrative determiners: "this house")
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*'''dummy (DUM)''' ("it" in "it is raining")
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*'''emphatic (EPR)''' (“myself”, in "I did it myself")
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*'''indefinite (NPR)''' (“somebody”, “nothing”)
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*'''interrogative (IPR)''' (“who”, in "who is there?")
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*'''possessive (SPR)''' (“mine”) (not to be confounded with possessive determiners: "my house")
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*'''reflexive (FPR)''' (“myself”, in "I saw myself")
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*'''reciprocal (CPR)''' (“each other”, “one another”)
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*'''relative (RPR)''' ("who" in "I didn't see who is there").
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Pronouns playing determiner roles (such as possessive determiners or demonstrative determiners) must be classified as [[determiners]].
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== UNL ==
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In UNL, pronouns are to be represented:
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*as pronoun attributes assigned to the [[null UW]], in case of exophora (i.e., when reference is made to an extra-sentential referent); and
 
*by their referents in case of endophora (i.e., when reference is made to an intra-sentential referent, which may come either before (anaphora) or after (cataphora) the pronoun).
 
*by their referents in case of endophora (i.e., when reference is made to an intra-sentential referent, which may come either before (anaphora) or after (cataphora) the pronoun).
  
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== Personal Pronouns ==
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=== Personal pronouns ===
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To be represented as 00.@1 (first person), 00.@2 (second person) and 00.@3 (third person), as follows:
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00.@1 - the speaker
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I (en), me (en), we (en), us (en), je (fr), on (fr), nous (fr);
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00.@2 - the addressee
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you (en), tu (fr), vous (fr);
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00.@3 - other
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he (en), she (en), it (en), they (en), il (fr), elle (fr), ils (fr), elles (fr).
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They can be modified by the following attributes:
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;[[Number]]
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:@pl (00.@1.@pl = we (en));
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;[[Gender]]
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:@male (00.@3.@male = he)
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:@female (00.@3.@female = she)
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:@neutral (00.@3.@neutral = it)
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;[[Social Deixis]]
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:@polite (00.@2.@polite = vous (fr))
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;[[Discourse]]
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:@emphasis (00.@1.@emphasis = I [did it] myself)
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Dummy (semantically empty) pronouns (used when grammatical rules require a noun), such as in "It is raining", must not be represented.
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=== Possessive pronouns (not to be confounded with possessive determiners) ===
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To be represented as Personal Pronouns as the target argument of a relation "POS".
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The book is mine = pos(book, 00.@1)
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=== Demonstrative Pronouns ===
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To be represented as "00.@proximal" (proximal), "00.@medial" (medial) and "00.@distal" (distal).
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;00.@proximal
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:used to refer to the person, thing or event present, nearby, just mentioned or about to be said.
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::this, these (en): '''This''' is my cat. '''These''' are my tools.
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::ceci, celui-ci, celle-ci, ceux-ci, celles-ci (fr): Tout '''ceci''' ne me plaît guère.
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::éste, estos, ésta, éstas (es)
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;00.@medial
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:used to refer to something near the addressee.
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:used to refer to the one designated, implied, mentioned, or understood.
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::that, those (en): What kind of soup is '''that'''?
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::cela, celui-là, celle-là, ceux-là, celles-là (fr): Qui c'est '''celui-là'''?
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::ése, ésos, ésa, esas (es)
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;00.@distal
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:used to refer to something far from both speaker and listener.
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::that, those (en): What kind of soup is '''that'''?
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::cela, celui-là, celle-là, ceux-là, celles-là (fr): Qui c'est '''celui-là'''?
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::aquél, aquéllos, aquélla, aquéllas (es)
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=== Indefinite pronouns ===
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 +
To be represented by the null UW and the corresponding attributes.
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 +
*all = 00.@all
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*another = 00.@other
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*any = 00.@any
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*anybody = 00.@any.@person
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*anyone = 00.@any.@person
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*anything = 00.@any.@thing
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*both = 00.@both
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*each = 00.@each
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*either = 00.@either
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*everybody = 00.@all.@person
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*everyone = 00.@all.@person
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*everything = 00.@all.@thing
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*few = 00.@paucal
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*fewer = 00.@paucal.@less
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*less = 00.@paucal
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*little = 00.@paucal
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*many = 00.@multal
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*more = 00.@more
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*most = 00.@most
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*much = 00.@multal
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*no one = 00.@no.@person
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*nobody = 00.@no.@person
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*none = 00.@no
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*nothing = 00.@no.@thing
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*one = 00
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*other = 00.@other
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*others = 00.@other.@pl
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*plenty = 00.@multal
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*several = 00.@multal
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*some = 00.@paucal
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*somebody = 00.@person
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*someone = 00.@person
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*something = 00.@thing
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*such = 00.@such
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=== Relative pronouns ===
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To be represented by the antecedent. The attribute @relative must be assigned to the main entry of the relative clause.
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;Hunter is the boy '''who''' kissed Monique.
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:aoj(boy, Hunter)
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:agt(kiss.@relative, boy)
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;Hunter is the boy to whom Monique gave a gift.
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:aoj(boy, Hunter)
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:gol(give.@relative, boy)
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;Jack built the house in which I now live.
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:obj(build, house)
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:plc(live.@relative, house)
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;Jack is the boy whose friend built my house.
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:aoj(boy, Jack)
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:pos(friend, Jack)
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:agt(build.@relative, friend)
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=== Interrogative pronouns ===
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To be represented by the [[null UW]] and the attribute .@wh.
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;Who is he?
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:aoj(he, 00.@wh)
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;Where is he?
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:plc(he, 00.@wh)
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;How is he?
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:man(he, 00.@wh)
  
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To be represented by pronoun UWs, as follows:
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=== Reflexive pronouns ===
  
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100000001
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Not to be represented. The attribute @reflexive ([[voice#Middle voice|Middle voice]]) should be assigned to the main entry of the clause.
  
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Peter killed himself = agt(kill.@reflexive, Peter)
  
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=== Reciprocal pronouns ===
  
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    * Personal pronouns stand in place of the names of people or things:
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Not to be represented. The attribute @reciprocal ([[voice#Middle voice|Middle voice]]) should be assigned to the main entry of the clause.
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          o Subjective pronouns are used when the person or thing is the subject of the sentence or clause. English example: I like to eat chips, but she does not.
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                + Second person formal and informal pronouns (T-V distinction). For example, vous and tu in French. There is no distinction in modern English though Elizabethan English marked the distinction with "thou" (singular informal) and "you" (plural or singular formal).
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                + Inclusive and exclusive "we" pronouns indicate whether the audience is included. There is no distinction in English.
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                + Intensive pronouns, also known as emphatic pronouns, re-emphasize a noun or pronoun that has already been mentioned. English uses the same forms as for the reflexive pronouns; for example: I did it myself (contrast reflexive use, I did it to myself).
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          o Objective pronouns are used when the person or thing is the object of the sentence or clause. English example: John likes me but not her.
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                + Direct and indirect object pronouns. English uses the same forms for both; for example: Mary loves him (direct object); Mary sent him a letter (indirect object).
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                + Reflexive pronouns are used when a person or thing acts on itself. English example: John cut himself.
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                + Reciprocal pronouns refer to a reciprocal relationship. English example: They do not like each other.
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          o Prepositional pronouns come after a preposition. No distinct forms exist in English; for example: Anna and Maria looked at him.
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          o Disjunctive pronouns are used in isolation or in certain other special grammatical contexts. No distinct forms exist in English; for example: Who does this belong to? Me.
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          o Dummy pronouns are used when grammatical rules require a noun (or pronoun), but none is semantically required. English example: It is raining.
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          o Weak pronouns.
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    * Possessive pronouns are used to indicate possession or ownership.
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          o In strict sense, the possessive pronouns are only those that act syntactically as nouns. English example: Those clothes are mine.
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          o Often, though, the term "possessive pronoun" is also applied to the so-called possessive adjectives (or possessive determiners). For example, in English: I lost my wallet. They are not strictly speaking pronouns because they do not substitute for a noun or noun phrase, and as such, some grammarians classify these terms in a separate lexical category called determiners (they have a syntactic role close to that of adjectives, always qualifying a noun).
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    * Demonstrative pronouns distinguish the particular objects or people that are referred to from other possible candidates. English example: I'll take these.
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    * Indefinite pronouns refer to general categories of people or things. English example: Anyone can do that.
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          o Distributive pronouns are used to refer to members of a group separately rather than collectively. English example: To each his own.
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          o Negative pronouns indicate the non-existence of people or things. English example: Nobody thinks that.
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    * Relative pronouns refer back to people or things previously mentioned. English example: People who smoke should quit now.
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          o Indefinite relative pronouns have some of the properties of both relative pronouns and indefinite pronouns. They have a sense of "referring back", but the person or thing to which they refer has not previously been explicitly named. English example: I know what I like.
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    * Interrogative pronouns ask which person or thing is meant. English example: Who did that?
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          o In many languages (e.g., Czech, English, French, Interlingua, and Russian), the sets of relative and interrogative pronouns are nearly identical. Compare English: Who is that? (interrogative) to I know who that is. (relative).
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[edit] Pronouns and d
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The boys killed each other = agt(kill.@reciprocal, boy)

Latest revision as of 20:47, 10 March 2014

Pronouns are LRUs that substitute other LRUs.

Contents

Natural Language

In the UNLarium framework, pronouns are classified as follows:

  • personal (PPR) ("I", "me")
  • demonstrative (DEP) (“this”, in "this is my house") (not to be confounded with demonstrative determiners: "this house")
  • dummy (DUM) ("it" in "it is raining")
  • emphatic (EPR) (“myself”, in "I did it myself")
  • indefinite (NPR) (“somebody”, “nothing”)
  • interrogative (IPR) (“who”, in "who is there?")
  • possessive (SPR) (“mine”) (not to be confounded with possessive determiners: "my house")
  • reflexive (FPR) (“myself”, in "I saw myself")
  • reciprocal (CPR) (“each other”, “one another”)
  • relative (RPR) ("who" in "I didn't see who is there").

Pronouns playing determiner roles (such as possessive determiners or demonstrative determiners) must be classified as determiners.

UNL

In UNL, pronouns are to be represented:

  • as pronoun attributes assigned to the null UW, in case of exophora (i.e., when reference is made to an extra-sentential referent); and
  • by their referents in case of endophora (i.e., when reference is made to an intra-sentential referent, which may come either before (anaphora) or after (cataphora) the pronoun).

Personal pronouns

To be represented as 00.@1 (first person), 00.@2 (second person) and 00.@3 (third person), as follows: 

00.@1 - the speaker

I (en), me (en), we (en), us (en), je (fr), on (fr), nous (fr); 

00.@2 - the addressee

you (en), tu (fr), vous (fr); 

00.@3 - other

he (en), she (en), it (en), they (en), il (fr), elle (fr), ils (fr), elles (fr).

They can be modified by the following attributes:

Number
@pl (00.@1.@pl = we (en));
Gender
@male (00.@3.@male = he)
@female (00.@3.@female = she)
@neutral (00.@3.@neutral = it)
Social Deixis
@polite (00.@2.@polite = vous (fr))
Discourse
@emphasis (00.@1.@emphasis = I [did it] myself)

Dummy (semantically empty) pronouns (used when grammatical rules require a noun), such as in "It is raining", must not be represented.

Possessive pronouns (not to be confounded with possessive determiners)

To be represented as Personal Pronouns as the target argument of a relation "POS". 

The book is mine = pos(book, 00.@1)

Demonstrative Pronouns

To be represented as "00.@proximal" (proximal), "00.@medial" (medial) and "00.@distal" (distal).

00.@proximal
used to refer to the person, thing or event present, nearby, just mentioned or about to be said.
this, these (en): This is my cat. These are my tools.
ceci, celui-ci, celle-ci, ceux-ci, celles-ci (fr): Tout ceci ne me plaît guère.
éste, estos, ésta, éstas (es)
00.@medial
used to refer to something near the addressee.
used to refer to the one designated, implied, mentioned, or understood.
that, those (en): What kind of soup is that?
cela, celui-là, celle-là, ceux-là, celles-là (fr): Qui c'est celui-là?
ése, ésos, ésa, esas (es)
00.@distal
used to refer to something far from both speaker and listener.
that, those (en): What kind of soup is that?
cela, celui-là, celle-là, ceux-là, celles-là (fr): Qui c'est celui-là?
aquél, aquéllos, aquélla, aquéllas (es)

Indefinite pronouns

To be represented by the null UW and the corresponding attributes.

  • all = 00.@all
  • another = 00.@other
  • any = 00.@any
  • anybody = 00.@any.@person
  • anyone = 00.@any.@person
  • anything = 00.@any.@thing
  • both = 00.@both
  • each = 00.@each
  • either = 00.@either
  • everybody = 00.@all.@person
  • everyone = 00.@all.@person
  • everything = 00.@all.@thing
  • few = 00.@paucal
  • fewer = 00.@paucal.@less
  • less = 00.@paucal
  • little = 00.@paucal
  • many = 00.@multal
  • more = 00.@more
  • most = 00.@most
  • much = 00.@multal
  • no one = 00.@no.@person
  • nobody = 00.@no.@person
  • none = 00.@no
  • nothing = 00.@no.@thing
  • one = 00
  • other = 00.@other
  • others = 00.@other.@pl
  • plenty = 00.@multal
  • several = 00.@multal
  • some = 00.@paucal
  • somebody = 00.@person
  • someone = 00.@person
  • something = 00.@thing
  • such = 00.@such

Relative pronouns

To be represented by the antecedent. The attribute @relative must be assigned to the main entry of the relative clause.

Hunter is the boy who kissed Monique.
aoj(boy, Hunter)
agt(kiss.@relative, boy)
Hunter is the boy to whom Monique gave a gift.
aoj(boy, Hunter)
gol(give.@relative, boy)
Jack built the house in which I now live.
obj(build, house)
plc(live.@relative, house)
Jack is the boy whose friend built my house.
aoj(boy, Jack)
pos(friend, Jack)
agt(build.@relative, friend)

Interrogative pronouns

To be represented by the null UW and the attribute .@wh.

Who is he?
aoj(he, 00.@wh)
Where is he?
plc(he, 00.@wh)
How is he?
man(he, 00.@wh)

Reflexive pronouns

Not to be represented. The attribute @reflexive (Middle voice) should be assigned to the main entry of the clause. 

Peter killed himself = agt(kill.@reflexive, Peter)

Reciprocal pronouns

Not to be represented. The attribute @reciprocal (Middle voice) should be assigned to the main entry of the clause. 

The boys killed each other = agt(kill.@reciprocal, boy)
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