Tense

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{{#tree:id=nl_tense|openlevels=0|root=Tense (TNS)|
 
{{#tree:id=nl_tense|openlevels=0|root=Tense (TNS)|
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*absolute tense (ATNS)
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*absolute tense
 
**present (PRS): in the present
 
**present (PRS): in the present
 
**past (PAS): in the past
 
**past (PAS): in the past
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***hesternal past tense (PAS): before yesterday
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***hesternal past tense (HEP): before yesterday
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***prehesternal past tense (PTPAS): before hesternal tense
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***prehesternal past tense (PEP): before hesternal tense
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***hodiernal past tense (DPAS): before today
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***hodiernal past tense (HOP): before today
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***prehodiernal past tense (PDPAS): before hodiernal tense
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***prehodiernal past tense (POP): before hodiernal tense
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***immediate past tense (IPAS): very recent past
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***immediate past tense (IPT): very recent past
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***nonrecent past tense (NCPAS): before recent past
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***nonrecent past tense (NRCP): before recent past
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***recent past tense (CPAS): recent past
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***recent past tense (RCP): recent past
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***nonremote past tense (NMPAS): after remote past
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***nonremote past tense (NRMP): after remote past
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***remote past tense (RPAS): remote past
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***remote past tense (RMP): remote past
 
**future (FUT): in the future
 
**future (FUT): in the future
 
***near future (FUN): in the near future
 
***near future (FUN): in the near future
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**still (STL): immediately before the utterance
 
**still (STL): immediately before the utterance
 
**not-yet (NYET): expected to occur in the future
 
**not-yet (NYET): expected to occur in the future
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*relative tense (RTNS)
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*relative tense
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**relative past (RPAS): before an absolute tense
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**relative past (RPT): before an absolute tense
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**relative nonpast (RNPAS): not before an absolute tense
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**relative nonpast (NRPT): not before an absolute tense
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**relative present (RPRS): at the absolute tense
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**relative present (RPS): at the absolute tense
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**relative future (RFUT): after an absolute tense
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**relative future (RFT): after an absolute tense
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**relative nonfuture (RNFUT): not after an absolute tense
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**relative nonfuture (NRFT): not after an absolute tense
 
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;Relative and absolute-relative tenses are indicated by combining absolute and relative tags through "&":
 
;Relative and absolute-relative tenses are indicated by combining absolute and relative tags through "&":
 
:English:  
 
:English:  
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::past perfect (= past of the past): PAS&RPAS
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::past perfect (= past of the past): PAS&RPT
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::future perfect (= past of the future): FUT&RPAS
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::future perfect (= past of the future): FUT&RPT
 
:French:
 
:French:
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::passé antérieur (= past of the past):  PAS&RPAS
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::passé antérieur (= past of the past):  PAS&RPT
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::future antérieur (= past of the future): FUT&RPAS
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::future antérieur (= past of the future): FUT&RPT
 
;Tense, mood and aspect
 
;Tense, mood and aspect
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:In synthetic languages, the distinction between grammatical tense, aspect and mood is fuzzy and at times controversial, because they are often amalgamated in single morpheme:
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:Tense, mood and aspect can be conjoined with "&":
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::aorist: PAS&PFC
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::aorist: PAS&PFV
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::imperfect (past imperfect): PAS&NPFC
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::imperfect (past imperfect): PAS&NPFV
 
::present perfect: PRS&PFC
 
::present perfect: PRS&PFC
 
;Simple and compound tenses
 
;Simple and compound tenses
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:The difference between simple and compound forms must be informed only if they represent different alternatives for the same tense. If this is the case, the compound is indicated through the attribute "CPW":
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:The difference between simple and compound forms must be informed only if they represent different alternatives for the same tense. Compounds are indicated through the attribute "CPW":
 
::French
 
::French
 
:::passé simple: PAS
 
:::passé simple: PAS
 
:::passé composé: PAS&CPW
 
:::passé composé: PAS&CPW
  
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=== Examples ===
 
  
−
List of grammatical tenses:
 
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*[[English grammar#Verb forms|English tenses]]
 
−
*[[French grammar#Verb forms|French tenses]]
 
  
 
== UNL ==
 
== UNL ==
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In UNL, tense is to be represented as attributes indicating the actual '''time''' of the event. <br>
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In UNL, tense is to be represented by [[time|time attributes]].
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The corresponding values for the attribute tense are the following:
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{{#tree:id=unl_tense|openlevels=0|root=Tense|
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*absolute tense
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**'''@past''': at a time before the moment of utterance
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**'''@present''': at the moment of utterance
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**'''@future''': at a time after the moment of utterance
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**'''@recent''': close to the moment of utterance
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**'''@remote''': remote from the moment of utterance
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*relative tense
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**'''@anterior''': before some other time other than the time of utterance
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**'''@posterior''': after some other time other than the time of utterance
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}}
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;The UNL representation should indicate the time rather than the grammatical tense of a form.
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:There is no simple one-to-one relationship between tense forms and time. In English, for instance, the present (grammatical tense) may be used to represent the future (time)<br>
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: I’m going home tomorrow = go.@future.@recent (and not go.@present)
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;@present is used to indicate an action at the present, and not habits, routines and statements:
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:I'm in Frankfurt. = @present
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:I always come to school by cycle. = no tense information
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:The sun sets in the Occident. = no tense information
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;Tense values may be combined.
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:I'm going home tomorrow = go.@future.@recent
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:I had been there = @past.@anterior
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=== Examples ===
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== Examples ==
 
List of grammatical tenses:
 
List of grammatical tenses:
 
*[[English grammar#Verb forms|English tenses]]
 
*[[English grammar#Verb forms|English tenses]]
 
*[[French grammar#Verb forms|French tenses]]
 
*[[French grammar#Verb forms|French tenses]]

Latest revision as of 21:34, 23 June 2010

Tense is a category used in the grammatical description of verbs (along with aspect and mood), referring primarily to the way the grammar marks the time at which the action denoted by the verb took place. It can be broadly classified as:

  • absolute tense: indicates time in relationship to the time of the utterance (i.e. "now").
  • relative tense: in relationship to some other time, other than the time of utterance.


Natural language

In the UNLarium framework, the attribute tense is represented by the following hierarchy, where lower levels subsume upper levels:

General tenses
General tenses, such as simple past or simple future in English, are indicated by the uppermost level of the corresponding branch.
English
simple past = PAS
simple future = FUT
Relative and absolute-relative tenses are indicated by combining absolute and relative tags through "&"
English:
past perfect (= past of the past): PAS&RPT
future perfect (= past of the future): FUT&RPT
French:
passé antérieur (= past of the past): PAS&RPT
future antérieur (= past of the future): FUT&RPT
Tense, mood and aspect
Tense, mood and aspect can be conjoined with "&":
aorist: PAS&PFV
imperfect (past imperfect): PAS&NPFV
present perfect: PRS&PFC
Simple and compound tenses
The difference between simple and compound forms must be informed only if they represent different alternatives for the same tense. Compounds are indicated through the attribute "CPW":
French
passé simple: PAS
passé composé: PAS&CPW


UNL

In UNL, tense is to be represented by time attributes.

Examples

List of grammatical tenses:

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