Adverbs

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In the UNL framework, '''adverbs''' are classified in four different categories: specifiers, adjuncts, conjuncts and disjuncts.  
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'''Adverbs'''  are open-class [[LRU]]s that modify any part of the language other than a noun. Adverbs can modify verbs, adjectives (including numbers), clauses, sentences and other adverbs.
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*'''Specifier adverbs''' (such as “not”, “more”, “less”, “very”, “rather”, etc) are adverbs that do not really introduce new information, but only specify the information conveyed by a verb, an adjective or another adverb. They do not constitute properly an open class category and many of them may even be replaced by other closed class categories, such as affixes (not happy = unhappy, write again = rewrite, more happy = happier). In UNL, specifier adverbs are represented by [[degree|attributes of degree]] (@not, @more, @less, @plus, @minus, @almost, @again, etc);
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== Natural Language ==
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In the UNL<sup>arium</sup> framework, '''adverbs''' are classified in four different categories: specifiers, adjuncts, conjuncts and disjuncts.  
 +
*'''Specifier adverbs''' (SAV) (such as “not”, “more”, “less”, “very”, etc) are adverbs that do not really introduce new information, but only specify the information conveyed by a verb, an adjective or another adverb. They do not constitute properly an open class category and many of them may be replaced by other closed class categories, such as affixes (not happy = unhappy, write again = rewrite, more happy = happier);
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*'''Adjunct adverbs''' (AAV) (such as “slowly”, “always”, “frequently”, “here”, etc) are adverbs that qualify a verb, an adjective or another adverb by indicating manner, time, place and frequency. They answer questions such as "how", "when", "where" and "how often". They differ from specifier adverbs in the sense they introduce and can be associated to independent concepts;
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*'''Conjuncts''' (CJT) <ref>Not to be confounded with conjunctions</ref> (such as "in addition", "in other words", "for instance", etc) are connecting adverbs that add information to the sentence that is not considered part of the propositional content (or at least not essential) but which connects the sentence with previous parts of the discourse; and
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*'''Disjuncts''' (DJT) (aka adverbs of viewpoint or commenting adverbs, such as "fortunately", "in my opinion", etc) express information that is not considered essential to the sentence it appears in, but which is considered to be the speaker's or writer's attitude towards, or descriptive statement of, the propositional content of the sentence.
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== UNL ==
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In UNL, adverbs are represented as UWs or attributes, depending on the case:
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*'''Specifier adverbs''' are represented by [[degree|attributes of degree]] (@not, @more, @less, @plus, @minus, @almost, @again, etc);
 
{|table border=1 align=center cellpadding=2
 
{|table border=1 align=center cellpadding=2
 
|+Specifier adverbs
 
|+Specifier adverbs
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|-
 
|-
 
!Negative
 
!Negative
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|align=center|not happy
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|align=center|not intelligent
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|align=center|happy.@not
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|align=center|intelligent.@not
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|-
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!Approximative
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|align=center|almost intelligent
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|align=center|intelligent.@almost
 
|-
 
|-
 
!Comparative
 
!Comparative
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|-
 
|-
 
!Intensifier
 
!Intensifier
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|align=center|very sad
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|align=center|very intelligent
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|align=center|sad.@plus
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|align=center|intelligent.@plus
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|-
+
−
!Downtoner
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−
|align=center|a little sad
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−
|align=center|sad.@minus
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|}
 
|}
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*'''Adjunct adverbs''' are always represented as UWs:
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*'''Adjunct adverbs''' (such as “slowly”, “always”, “frequently”, “here”, etc) are adverbs that qualify a verb, an adjective or another adverb by indicating manner, time, place and frequency. They answer questions such as "how", "when", "where" and "how often". They differ from specifier adverbs in the sense they introduce and can be associated to independent concepts. In UNL, adjunct adverbs are always represented as UWs:
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{|table border=1 align=center cellpadding=2
 
{|table border=1 align=center cellpadding=2
 
|+Adjunct adverbs
 
|+Adjunct adverbs
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|align=center|man(go, fast)
 
|align=center|man(go, fast)
 
|-
 
|-
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!Time
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!Time<ref>Time adverbs may be the target node of the relations '''tim''' (time), '''tmf''' (time from), '''tmt''' (time to) and '''fmt''' (from to)</ref>
 
|align=center|go now
 
|align=center|go now
 
|align=center|tim(go, now)
 
|align=center|tim(go, now)
 
|-
 
|-
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!Place
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!Place<ref>Place adverbs may be the target node of the relations '''plc''' (place), '''plf''' (place from), '''plt''' (place to) and '''via'''.</ref>
 
|align=center|live here
 
|align=center|live here
 
|align=center|plc(live, here)
 
|align=center|plc(live, here)
 
|-
 
|-
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!Frequency
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!Frequency<ref>Frequency adverbs are the target node of the relation '''man''' (manner) and not of the relation '''tim''' (time)</ref>
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|align=center|do usually
 
|align=center|do usually
 
|align=center|man(do, usually)
 
|align=center|man(do, usually)
 
|}
 
|}
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*'''Conjuncts''' are represented as UWs linked to the whole sentence (to be treated as a hypernode) by the relation man (manner).
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*'''Conjuncts'''<ref>Not to be confounded with conjunctions</ref> (such as "in addition", "in other words", "for instance", etc) are connecting adverbs that add information to the sentence that is not considered part of the propositional content (or at least not essential) but which connects the sentence with previous parts of the discourse. In UNL, conjunct adverbs are to be represented as UWs linked to the whole sentence (to be treated as a hypernode) by the relation man (manner).
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{|table border=1 align=center cellpadding=2
 
{|table border=1 align=center cellpadding=2
 
|+Conjuncts
 
|+Conjuncts
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|man("music is appreciated in France", "in other words")
 
|man("music is appreciated in France", "in other words")
 
|}
 
|}
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*'''Disjuncts''' (aka as adverbs of viewpoint or commenting adverbs, such as "fortunately", "in my opinion", etc) express information that is not considered essential to the sentence it appears in, but which is considered to be the speaker's or writer's attitude towards, or descriptive statement of, the propositional content of the sentence. In UNL, disjunct adverbs are to be represented as follows:
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*'''Disjuncts''' are represented as follows:
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**As attributes, if their meaning can be subsumed by any of the [[modality|attributes of modality]] (such as @emphasis, @belief, @conviction, etc); or
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**As attributes, if their meaning can be subsumed by any of the [[modality|attributes of modality]] (such as @belief, @conviction, etc); or
 
**As UWs, otherwise.
 
**As UWs, otherwise.
 
{|table border=1 align=center cellpadding=2
 
{|table border=1 align=center cellpadding=2
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|}
 
|}
  
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;Observation
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:Not all intensifiers are represented as attributes. Many adjunct adverbs (such as ''amazingly'', ''absurdly'', ''sharply'', ''terribly'', ''deeply'', ''unbelievably'', etc) may also be used to amplify adjectives. However, as they are not only intensifiers but also qualifiers, they must be represented as UWs:
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{|table border=1 align=center cellpadding=2
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|+Intensifiers
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!Type
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!English
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!UNL
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|-
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!rowspan=2|Amplifier
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|align=center|very difficult
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|align=center|difficult.@plus
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|-
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|align=center|absurdly difficult
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|align=center|man(difficult, absurdly)
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|-
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!rowspan=2|Downtoner
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|align=center|a bit difficult
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|align=center|difficult.@minus
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|-
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|align=center|relatively difficult
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|align=center|man(difficult, relatively)
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|}
  
 
== Notes ==
 
== Notes ==
 
<references />
 
<references />

Latest revision as of 19:44, 20 April 2014

Adverbs are open-class LRUs that modify any part of the language other than a noun. Adverbs can modify verbs, adjectives (including numbers), clauses, sentences and other adverbs.

Natural Language

In the UNLarium framework, adverbs are classified in four different categories: specifiers, adjuncts, conjuncts and disjuncts.

  • Specifier adverbs (SAV) (such as “not”, “more”, “less”, “very”, etc) are adverbs that do not really introduce new information, but only specify the information conveyed by a verb, an adjective or another adverb. They do not constitute properly an open class category and many of them may be replaced by other closed class categories, such as affixes (not happy = unhappy, write again = rewrite, more happy = happier);
  • Adjunct adverbs (AAV) (such as “slowly”, “always”, “frequently”, “here”, etc) are adverbs that qualify a verb, an adjective or another adverb by indicating manner, time, place and frequency. They answer questions such as "how", "when", "where" and "how often". They differ from specifier adverbs in the sense they introduce and can be associated to independent concepts;
  • Conjuncts (CJT) [1] (such as "in addition", "in other words", "for instance", etc) are connecting adverbs that add information to the sentence that is not considered part of the propositional content (or at least not essential) but which connects the sentence with previous parts of the discourse; and
  • Disjuncts (DJT) (aka adverbs of viewpoint or commenting adverbs, such as "fortunately", "in my opinion", etc) express information that is not considered essential to the sentence it appears in, but which is considered to be the speaker's or writer's attitude towards, or descriptive statement of, the propositional content of the sentence.

UNL

In UNL, adverbs are represented as UWs or attributes, depending on the case:

  • Specifier adverbs are represented by attributes of degree (@not, @more, @less, @plus, @minus, @almost, @again, etc);
Specifier adverbs
Type English UNL
Negative not intelligent intelligent.@not
Approximative almost intelligent intelligent.@almost
Comparative more intelligent intelligent.@more
Intensifier very intelligent intelligent.@plus
  • Adjunct adverbs are always represented as UWs:
Adjunct adverbs
Type English UNL
Manner go fast man(go, fast)
Time[2] go now tim(go, now)
Place[3] live here plc(live, here)
Frequency[4] do usually man(do, usually)
  • Conjuncts are represented as UWs linked to the whole sentence (to be treated as a hypernode) by the relation man (manner).
Conjuncts
English UNL
He has no money. In addition, he has no means of getting any man("he has no means of getting any", "in addition")
The French love music. In other words, music is appreciated in France. man("music is appreciated in France", "in other words")
  • Disjuncts are represented as follows:
    • As attributes, if their meaning can be subsumed by any of the attributes of modality (such as @belief, @conviction, etc); or
    • As UWs, otherwise.
Disjuncts
English UNL
Fortunately, I have it right here. man("I have it right here", "fortunately")
In my opinion, the green one is better. "the green one is better".@opinion


Observation
Not all intensifiers are represented as attributes. Many adjunct adverbs (such as amazingly, absurdly, sharply, terribly, deeply, unbelievably, etc) may also be used to amplify adjectives. However, as they are not only intensifiers but also qualifiers, they must be represented as UWs:
Intensifiers
Type English UNL
Amplifier very difficult difficult.@plus
absurdly difficult man(difficult, absurdly)
Downtoner a bit difficult difficult.@minus
relatively difficult man(difficult, relatively)

Notes

  1. ↑ Not to be confounded with conjunctions
  2. ↑ Time adverbs may be the target node of the relations tim (time), tmf (time from), tmt (time to) and fmt (from to)
  3. ↑ Place adverbs may be the target node of the relations plc (place), plf (place from), plt (place to) and via.
  4. ↑ Frequency adverbs are the target node of the relation man (manner) and not of the relation tim (time)
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