Periphrasis

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'''Periphrasis''' is a device by which a grammatical category or grammatical relationship is expressed by a free morpheme (such as an auxiliary verb), instead of being shown by inflection or derivation.  
 
'''Periphrasis''' is a device by which a grammatical category or grammatical relationship is expressed by a free morpheme (such as an auxiliary verb), instead of being shown by inflection or derivation.  
  
−
In the UNL<sup>arium</sup> framework, periphrases always lead to the creation of syntactic relations, which are expressed through [[S-rule]]s as follows:
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== Syntax ==
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  CONDITION := RELATION(HEAD; ARGUMENT);
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In the UNL<sup>arium</sup> framework, periphrases always lead to the creation of syntactic relations, which are expressed through [[S-rule]]s of the type create, as follows:
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Where
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  <RELATION> := +<RELATION>;
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*CONDITION is a tag or list of tags, extracted from the [[tagset|UNDLF Tagset]], corresponding to the value of the attribute to be realised by complex grammatical structures;
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Where:<br />
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*RELATION is the syntactic relation to be created, extracted from the [[Syntax#Syntactic_Roles|syntactic roles]], where:
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*<RELATION>, at the left side, is a relation containing the node that brings the value of the attribute to be realised by complex grammatical structures; and
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*HEAD is the head of the relation to be created; and
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*<RELATION>, at the right side, is the [[Syntactic roles|syntactic relation]] to be created, containing the <HEAD>, in case of head-only relations (VH, NH, JH, PH, IH, CH, AH, DH), or the <HEAD> and <ARGUMENT> (i.e, complement, adjunct or specifier), in case of binary relations (VA, VC, VS, VB, NA, NC, NS, etc), one of which co-indexed with the reference node in the left side.
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*ARGUMENT is one of the arguments (specifier, adjunct or complement) of the head.
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The HEAD or the ARGUMENT may be relations themselves.
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= Examples =
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== Examples ==
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*FUT:=IC([will];+INF);
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*dual: ''book'' > ''two books''
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**In case of future (FUT), the lemma "will" is generated as the head of the inflectional phrase, and its complement receives the feature INF (infinitive), such as in ''do'' > ''will do'';
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**NH(%nh,DUA):=+NS(%nh,+PLR;DH("two"));
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*PRS,PGS:=IC([be];+GER);
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**The determiner phrase "two" is generated as the specifier of the head, which receives the feature PLR (plural).
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**In case of present progressive (PRS,PGS), the lemma "be" is generated as the head of the inflectional phrase, and its complement receives the feature GER (gerund), such as in ''do'' > ''is doing'';
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*future: ''do'' > ''will do''
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*PRS,PFC:=IC([have];+PTP);
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**VH(%vh,FUT):=+IC([will];%vh,+INF);
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**In case of present perfect (PRS,PFC), the lemma "have" is generated as the head of the inflectional phrase, and its complement receives the feature PTP (participle), such as in ''do'' > ''have done'';
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**The head of the verbal phrase receives the feature INF (infinitive) and becomes the complement of an inflectional phrase headed by the lemma "will" if it has the feature FUT (future)
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*PRS,PFC,PGS:=IC([have];IC([be],+PTP;+GER));
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*present progressive: ''do'' > ''is doing''
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**In case of present perfect progressive (PRS,PFC,PGS), the lemma "have" is generated as the head of the inflectional phrase, with a new inflectional phrase as its complement, whose head is the lemma "be" in the form of participle (PTP) and whose complement receives the feature GER (gerund).
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**VH(%vh,PRS,PGS):=+IC([be],+PRS;%vh,+GER);
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*NEG:=IC([do];VA(+INF;[not],<<));
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**The head of the verbal phrase receives the feature GER (gerund) and becomes the complement of an inflectional phrase headed by the lemma "be" if it has the features PRS and PGS (present and progressive)
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**In case of negative, the lemma "do" is generated as the head of the inflectional phrase, and its complement is a verbal phrase whose head receives the feature infinitive and with the lemma "not" as an adjunct to its left.
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*present perfect: ''do'' > ''have done''
 +
**VH(%vh,PRS,PFC):=+IC([have],+PRS;%vh,+PTP);
 +
**The head of the verbal phrase receives the feature PTP (past participle) and becomes the complement of an inflectional phrase headed by the lemma "have" if it has the features PRS and PFC (present and perfect)
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*Negation: ''read'' > ''do not read''
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**VH(%vh,NEG):=+IC([do];%vh,+INF)VA(%vh;[not],+<<);
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**The head of the verbal phrase receives the feature infinitive (INF) and becomes the complement of an inflectional phrase headed by the lemma "do"; the adjunct "not" is generated to the left of the head of the verbal phrase)
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*Present perfect progressive: ''read'' > ''have been reading''
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**VH(%vh,PRS,PFC,PGS):=+IC([have],+PRS;[be],+PTP,%ic)IC(%ic;%vh,+GER);  
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**Create two IPs: the lower one has the head of the verbal phrase as its complement; the second one has the lower IP as its complement. The lowest IP is headed by the lemma "be" whereas the highest is headed by the lemma "have". The head of the highest IP receives the feature present (PRS); the head of the second IP receives the feature participle (PTP); and the head of the verbal phrase receives the feature gerund (GER).)
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== Observations ==
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;Indexation
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:As in S-rules, nodes in projection rules are always indexed, either by user-defined labels (such as %head, %comp or any other) or by the position in the left side of the rules.  
 +
;Nodes as maximal projections
 +
:New nodes may be inserted as maximal projections if their internal structure is invariable:
 +
:*paucal: ''book'' > ''some books''
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:*NH(%nh,PAU):=+NS(%nh,+PLR;DP("some"));
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;Two-step generation
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:Some periphrases are generated by the application of two rules:
 +
:*future progressive: ''be'' > ''will be speaking'';
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:*VH(%vh,FUT,PGS):=+IC([be],+FUT;+GER);
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:*VH(%vh,FUT):=+IC([will];%vh,+INF);
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:The first rule makes ''be'' > ''be speaking''; the second makes ''be'' > ''will be''.

Latest revision as of 21:18, 14 November 2012

Periphrasis is a device by which a grammatical category or grammatical relationship is expressed by a free morpheme (such as an auxiliary verb), instead of being shown by inflection or derivation.

Syntax

In the UNLarium framework, periphrases always lead to the creation of syntactic relations, which are expressed through S-rules of the type create, as follows: 

<RELATION> := +<RELATION>;

Where:

  • <RELATION>, at the left side, is a relation containing the node that brings the value of the attribute to be realised by complex grammatical structures; and
  • <RELATION>, at the right side, is the syntactic relation to be created, containing the <HEAD>, in case of head-only relations (VH, NH, JH, PH, IH, CH, AH, DH), or the <HEAD> and <ARGUMENT> (i.e, complement, adjunct or specifier), in case of binary relations (VA, VC, VS, VB, NA, NC, NS, etc), one of which co-indexed with the reference node in the left side.

Examples

  • dual: book > two books
    • NH(%nh,DUA):=+NS(%nh,+PLR;DH("two"));
    • The determiner phrase "two" is generated as the specifier of the head, which receives the feature PLR (plural).
  • future: do > will do
    • VH(%vh,FUT):=+IC([will];%vh,+INF);
    • The head of the verbal phrase receives the feature INF (infinitive) and becomes the complement of an inflectional phrase headed by the lemma "will" if it has the feature FUT (future)
  • present progressive: do > is doing
    • VH(%vh,PRS,PGS):=+IC([be],+PRS;%vh,+GER);
    • The head of the verbal phrase receives the feature GER (gerund) and becomes the complement of an inflectional phrase headed by the lemma "be" if it has the features PRS and PGS (present and progressive)
  • present perfect: do > have done
    • VH(%vh,PRS,PFC):=+IC([have],+PRS;%vh,+PTP);
    • The head of the verbal phrase receives the feature PTP (past participle) and becomes the complement of an inflectional phrase headed by the lemma "have" if it has the features PRS and PFC (present and perfect)
  • Negation: read > do not read
    • VH(%vh,NEG):=+IC([do];%vh,+INF)VA(%vh;[not],+<<);
    • The head of the verbal phrase receives the feature infinitive (INF) and becomes the complement of an inflectional phrase headed by the lemma "do"; the adjunct "not" is generated to the left of the head of the verbal phrase)
  • Present perfect progressive: read > have been reading
    • VH(%vh,PRS,PFC,PGS):=+IC([have],+PRS;[be],+PTP,%ic)IC(%ic;%vh,+GER);
    • Create two IPs: the lower one has the head of the verbal phrase as its complement; the second one has the lower IP as its complement. The lowest IP is headed by the lemma "be" whereas the highest is headed by the lemma "have". The head of the highest IP receives the feature present (PRS); the head of the second IP receives the feature participle (PTP); and the head of the verbal phrase receives the feature gerund (GER).)

Observations

Indexation
As in S-rules, nodes in projection rules are always indexed, either by user-defined labels (such as %head, %comp or any other) or by the position in the left side of the rules.
Nodes as maximal projections
New nodes may be inserted as maximal projections if their internal structure is invariable:
  • paucal: book > some books
  • NH(%nh,PAU):=+NS(%nh,+PLR;DP("some"));
Two-step generation
Some periphrases are generated by the application of two rules:
  • future progressive: be > will be speaking;
  • VH(%vh,FUT,PGS):=+IC([be],+FUT;+GER);
  • VH(%vh,FUT):=+IC([will];%vh,+INF);
The first rule makes be > be speaking; the second makes be > will be.
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