English conjunctions
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| − | English [[conjunctions]] are represented by [[ | + | English [[conjunctions]] are represented by [[Universal Relations]], or by Universal Relations and [[Universal Attributes]]. |
| − | <nowiki>*</nowiki> indicates optional representation | + | <nowiki>*</nowiki> indicates optional representation<br /> |
| + | <nowiki>***</nowiki> indicates relation under discussion | ||
{|border="1" cellpadding="5" | {|border="1" cellpadding="5" | ||
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|after||tim||@after||The books will be sent to the library after I have read them.||tim(send, read.@after) | |after||tim||@after||The books will be sent to the library after I have read them.||tim(send, read.@after) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |although|| | + | |although||ant||@although*||Although they have arrived early they could not enter.||ant(enter, arrive.@although) or ant(enter, arrive) |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |and||and|| | + | |and||and||||He sold an apartment and bought a country-house.||and(sell, buy) |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |as|| | + | |as||***||@as*||The situation is not so bad as you suggest.||***(bad, suggest.@as) |
|- | |- | ||
|as||rsn||@because*||It`s empty, as it had been upside down||rsn(empty, upside.@because) or rsn(empty, upside) | |as||rsn||@because*||It`s empty, as it had been upside down||rsn(empty, upside.@because) or rsn(empty, upside) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |as||tim|| | + | |as||tim||||His hands trembled as he spoke.||tim(tremble, speak) |
|- | |- | ||
|as if||man||@as.@if||He gives orders as if he were the master of the house.||man(give, master.@as.@if) | |as if||man||@as.@if||He gives orders as if he were the master of the house.||man(give, master.@as.@if) | ||
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|as though||man||@as.@if||He treated me as though I were a stranger.|| man(treat, stranger.@as.@if) | |as though||man||@as.@if||He treated me as though I were a stranger.|| man(treat, stranger.@as.@if) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |as well as||and|| | + | |as well as||and||*||Robert, as well as Smith, deservers punishment.||and(Smith.@and, Robert) or and(Smith, Robert) |
|- | |- | ||
|because||rsn||@because*||He said he cannot go because he is very busy.||rsn(go, busy.@because) or rsn(go, busy) | |because||rsn||@because*||He said he cannot go because he is very busy.||rsn(go, busy.@because) or rsn(go, busy) | ||
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|both... and||and||@and*||He both speaks and writes perfectly.||and(write.@and, speak) or and(write, speak) | |both... and||and||@and*||He both speaks and writes perfectly.||and(write.@and, speak) or and(write, speak) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |but||@but||He is young but sensible.|| | + | |but||***||@but||He is young but sensible.||***(sensible.@but, young) |
|- | |- | ||
|either... or||or||@or*||He will arrive either tomorrow or the day after tomorrow.|| or(day.@or, tomorrow) or or(day, tomorrow) | |either... or||or||@or*||He will arrive either tomorrow or the day after tomorrow.|| or(day.@or, tomorrow) or or(day, tomorrow) | ||
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|even if||con||@even.@if||I intend to go even if it rains.||con(go, rain.@even.@if) or con(go, rain.@even) | |even if||con||@even.@if||I intend to go even if it rains.||con(go, rain.@even.@if) or con(go, rain.@even) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |even though|| | + | |even though||***||@although||Even though I was really tired, I couldn`t sleep.||***(sleep, tired.@although) |
|- | |- | ||
|except if||con||@except.@if||I intend to go except if it rains.||con(go, rain.@except.@if) or(go, rain.@except) | |except if||con||@except.@if||I intend to go except if it rains.||con(go, rain.@except.@if) or(go, rain.@except) | ||
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|since||tmf||@since*||What have you been doign since I last say you?||tmf(do, say.@since) or tmf(do, say) | |since||tmf||@since*||What have you been doign since I last say you?||tmf(do, say.@since) or tmf(do, say) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |so||||@so*||We are late for the train, so we must take a taxi.|| | + | |so||***||@so*||We are late for the train, so we must take a taxi.||***(take, late.@so) |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |so that||||@so*||He preferred to work in the morning, so that he might be free in the afternoon.|| | + | |so that||***||@so*||He preferred to work in the morning, so that he might be free in the afternoon.||***(free, prefer.@so) |
|- | |- | ||
|than||bas||-||You are taller than he (is).||bas(tall, he) | |than||bas||-||You are taller than he (is).||bas(tall, he) | ||
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|that||obj||-||I know that is impossible.||obj(know, impossible) | |that||obj||-||I know that is impossible.||obj(know, impossible) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |that|| | + | |that||rsn||@because*||He is so hoarse that we can hardly hear what he says.||rsn(hear, hoarse.@because) or rsn(hear, hoarse) |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |that||@so*||He ran that he might arrive in time.|| | + | |that||***||@so*||He ran so much that he might arrive in time.||***(arrive.@so, run) |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |then||@so*||Our expenses will be very heavy: we will have | + | |then||***||@so*||Our expenses will be very heavy: we will have to buy a great number of books; then we'll have to pay several debts.||***(pay.@so, buy) |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |though||||@although|||| | + | |though||***||@although|||| |
|- | |- | ||
|till||tmt||@until*||Wait till the day breaks.|| tmt(wait, break.@until) or tmt(wait, break) | |till||tmt||@until*||Wait till the day breaks.|| tmt(wait, break.@until) or tmt(wait, break) | ||
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|while||dur||@while*||Remain standing while they sing.||dur(stand, sing.@while) or dur(stand, sing) | |while||dur||@while*||Remain standing while they sing.||dur(stand, sing.@while) or dur(stand, sing) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |yet|| | + | |yet||***||@but||He is extremely poor, yet he is as happy as a king.||***(king.@but, poor) |
|} | |} | ||
Latest revision as of 19:12, 12 November 2013
English conjunctions are represented by Universal Relations, or by Universal Relations and Universal Attributes.
* indicates optional representation
*** indicates relation under discussion
| Conjunction | Relation | Attribute | English | UNL |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| after | tim | @after | The books will be sent to the library after I have read them. | tim(send, read.@after) |
| although | ant | @although* | Although they have arrived early they could not enter. | ant(enter, arrive.@although) or ant(enter, arrive) |
| and | and | He sold an apartment and bought a country-house. | and(sell, buy) | |
| as | *** | @as* | The situation is not so bad as you suggest. | ***(bad, suggest.@as) |
| as | rsn | @because* | It`s empty, as it had been upside down | rsn(empty, upside.@because) or rsn(empty, upside) |
| as | tim | His hands trembled as he spoke. | tim(tremble, speak) | |
| as if | man | @as.@if | He gives orders as if he were the master of the house. | man(give, master.@as.@if) |
| as though | man | @as.@if | He treated me as though I were a stranger. | man(treat, stranger.@as.@if) |
| as well as | and | * | Robert, as well as Smith, deservers punishment. | and(Smith.@and, Robert) or and(Smith, Robert) |
| because | rsn | @because* | He said he cannot go because he is very busy. | rsn(go, busy.@because) or rsn(go, busy) |
| before | tim | @before | Look before you leap. | tim(look, leap.@before) |
| both... and | and | @and* | He both speaks and writes perfectly. | and(write.@and, speak) or and(write, speak) |
| but | *** | @but | He is young but sensible. | ***(sensible.@but, young) |
| either... or | or | @or* | He will arrive either tomorrow or the day after tomorrow. | or(day.@or, tomorrow) or or(day, tomorrow) |
| even if | con | @even.@if | I intend to go even if it rains. | con(go, rain.@even.@if) or con(go, rain.@even) |
| even though | *** | @although | Even though I was really tired, I couldn`t sleep. | ***(sleep, tired.@although) |
| except if | con | @except.@if | I intend to go except if it rains. | con(go, rain.@except.@if) or(go, rain.@except) |
| for | rsn | @because* | We must go, for it is late. | rsn(go, late.@because) or rsn(go, late) |
| if | obj | - | I asked him if he intended to travel this month. | obj(ask, intend) |
| if | con | @if* | If you promise to come, I will wait for you. | con(wait, promise.@if) or con(wait, promise) |
| in case (that) | rsn | @in_case | He wears two watches in case one of them stops. | rsn(wear, stop.@in_case) |
| neither... nor | and | @and* | He drinks neither tea nor milk. | and(milk.@and.@not, tea.@not) or and(milk.@not, tea.@not) |
| nor | and | @and* | He would not buy it nor would he accept it as a gift. | and(accept.@and.@not, buy.@not) or and(accept.@not, buy.@not) |
| not only... but also | and | @and* | Not only does Sue raise money for the symphony, but she also ushers at all of their concerts. | and(usher.@and, raise) or and(usher, raise) |
| only if | con | .@if.@only | Only if you promise to come, I will wait for you. | con(wait, promise.@if.@only) or con(wait, promise.@only) |
| or | or | .@or* | You must prove that you are right or apologize | or(apologize.@or, prove) or or(apologize, prove) |
| since | rsn | @because* | Since you don`t like this model, I`ll show you another one | rsn(show, like.@because) or rsn(show, like) |
| since | tmf | @since* | What have you been doign since I last say you? | tmf(do, say.@since) or tmf(do, say) |
| so | *** | @so* | We are late for the train, so we must take a taxi. | ***(take, late.@so) |
| so that | *** | @so* | He preferred to work in the morning, so that he might be free in the afternoon. | ***(free, prefer.@so) |
| than | bas | - | You are taller than he (is). | bas(tall, he) |
| that | obj | - | I know that is impossible. | obj(know, impossible) |
| that | rsn | @because* | He is so hoarse that we can hardly hear what he says. | rsn(hear, hoarse.@because) or rsn(hear, hoarse) |
| that | *** | @so* | He ran so much that he might arrive in time. | ***(arrive.@so, run) |
| then | *** | @so* | Our expenses will be very heavy: we will have to buy a great number of books; then we'll have to pay several debts. | ***(pay.@so, buy) |
| though | *** | @although | ||
| till | tmt | @until* | Wait till the day breaks. | tmt(wait, break.@until) or tmt(wait, break) |
| unless | con | @unless | I shall go unless it rains. | con(go, rain.@unless) |
| until | tmt | @until* | Wait until the day breaks. | tmt(wait, break.@until) or tmt(wait, break) |
| when | tim | @when* | When I arrive I will write. | tim(write, arrive.@when) or tim(write, arrive) |
| whereas | coo | @whereas* | You didn`t work yesterday, whereas he worked till midnight. | coo(work, work.@whereas) or coo(work, work) |
| whether | obj | - | I asked him whether he intended to travel this month. | obj(ask, travel) |
| whether... or | or | @or* | I would like to know whether he is in France or in England. | or(England, France) |
| while | coo | @whereas* | You were punctual , while he is always late. | coo(punctual, late.@whereas) or coo(punctual, late) |
| while | dur | @while* | Remain standing while they sing. | dur(stand, sing.@while) or dur(stand, sing) |
| yet | *** | @but | He is extremely poor, yet he is as happy as a king. | ***(king.@but, poor) |
