Universal Attributes

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'''Attributes''' are arcs linking a node to itself. In opposition to [[relations]], they correspond to one-place predicates, i.e., functions that take a single argument. In UNL, attributes have been normally used to represent information conveyed by natural language grammatical categories (such as tense, mood, aspect, number, etc). The set of attributes, which is claimed to be universal, is defined in the [[Specs|UNL Specs]] and is not open to frequent additions.
+
'''Universal Attributes''' are arcs linking a node to itself. In opposition to [[Universal Relations]], they correspond to one-place predicates, i.e., functions that take a single argument. In UNL, attributes have been normally used to represent information conveyed by natural language grammatical categories (such as tense, mood, aspect, number, etc). The set of attributes, which is claimed to be universal, is defined in the [[Specs|UNL Specs]] and is not open to frequent additions.
  
 
== Syntax ==
 
== Syntax ==
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**@inchoative: change of state
 
**@inchoative: change of state
 
**@iterative: repetition
 
**@iterative: repetition
 +
**@perfect: perfect
 
**@perfective: completed
 
**@perfective: completed
 
**@permissive: permissive
 
**@permissive: permissive
Line 53: Line 54:
 
**@terminative: cessation
 
**@terminative: cessation
 
*[[degree]] (DEGA)
 
*[[degree]] (DEGA)
−
**negative
+
**@almost: approximative
−
***@not: negative
+
**@also: repetitive
−
***@almost: approximative
+
 
**positive
 
**positive
 
***@again: iterative
 
***@again: iterative
Line 85: Line 85:
 
*[[figure of speech]] (FIGA)
 
*[[figure of speech]] (FIGA)
 
**Schemes
 
**Schemes
−
***@parallelism: use of similar structures in two or more clauses
 
−
***@antithesis: juxtaposition of opposing or contrasting ideas
 
−
***@climax: arrangement of words in order of increasing importance
 
−
***@anticlimax: Arrangement of words in order of decreasing importance
 
−
***@anacoluthon: change in the syntax within a sentence
 
−
***@anastrophe: inversion of the usual word order
 
−
***@parenthesis: insertion of a clause or sentence in a place where it interrupts the natural flow of the sentence
 
−
***@apposition: placing of two elements side by side, in which the second defines the first
 
−
***@ellipsis: omission of words
 
−
***@asyndeton: omission of conjunctions between related clauses
 
 
***@brachylogia: omission of conjunctions between a series of words  
 
***@brachylogia: omission of conjunctions between a series of words  
−
***@alliteration: series of words that begin with the same letter or sound alike
 
−
***@anaphora: repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses
 
−
***@anadiplosis: repetition of a word at the end of a clause at the beginning of another
 
−
***@antanaclasis: repetition of a word in two different senses
 
−
***@antimetabole: repetition of words in successive clauses, in reverse order
 
−
***@assonance: repetition of vowel sounds, most commonly within a short passage of verse
 
 
***@chiasmus: reversal of grammatical structures in successive clauses
 
***@chiasmus: reversal of grammatical structures in successive clauses
 +
***@climax: arrangement of words in order of increasing importance
 
***@consonance: repetition of consonant sounds without the repetition of the vowel sounds
 
***@consonance: repetition of consonant sounds without the repetition of the vowel sounds
 +
***@ellipsis: omission of words
 
***@epanalepsis: repetition of the initial word or words of a clause or sentence at the end of the clause or sentence
 
***@epanalepsis: repetition of the initial word or words of a clause or sentence at the end of the clause or sentence
 +
***@interruption: insertion of a clause or sentence in a place where it interrupts the natural flow of the sentence
 +
***@parallelism: use of similar structures in two or more clauses
 
***@pleonasm: Use of superfluous or redundant words
 
***@pleonasm: Use of superfluous or redundant words
 
***@polyptoton: repetition of words derived from the same root
 
***@polyptoton: repetition of words derived from the same root
 
***@polysyndeton: repetition of conjunctions
 
***@polysyndeton: repetition of conjunctions
−
***@symploce: combination of anaphora and epistrophe  
+
***@symploce: combination of anaphora and epistrophe
 
**Tropes
 
**Tropes
 
***@anthropomorphism: Ascribing human characteristics to something that is not human, such as an animal or a god (see zoomorphism)
 
***@anthropomorphism: Ascribing human characteristics to something that is not human, such as an animal or a god (see zoomorphism)
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**@male
 
**@male
 
**@neutral
 
**@neutral
 +
*[[information structure]] (ISTA)
 +
**@comment: what is being said about the topic
 +
**@focus: information that is contrary to the presuppositions of the interlocutor
 +
**@topic: what is being talked about
 
*[[lexical category]] (LEXA)
 
*[[lexical category]] (LEXA)
 
**@adjective
 
**@adjective
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**@by
 
**@by
 
**@by_means_of
 
**@by_means_of
−
**@circa
 
 
**@concerning
 
**@concerning
 
**@despite
 
**@despite
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**@in_case_of
 
**@in_case_of
 
**@in_favor_of
 
**@in_favor_of
 +
**@in_place_of
 
**@in_spite_of
 
**@in_spite_of
−
**@in_terms_of
 
 
**@including
 
**@including
 
**@instead_of
 
**@instead_of
 
**@like
 
**@like
−
**@mid
 
 
**@notwithstanding
 
**@notwithstanding
−
**@of
 
 
**@off
 
**@off
 
**@on_account_of
 
**@on_account_of
 
**@on_behalf_of
 
**@on_behalf_of
−
**@opposite
 
 
**@or
 
**@or
−
**@over
 
 
**@owing_to
 
**@owing_to
 
**@pace
 
**@pace
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**@unlike
 
**@unlike
 
**@versus
 
**@versus
−
**@whereas
 
−
**@while
 
 
**@with
 
**@with
 
**@with_regard_to
 
**@with_regard_to
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**@belief
 
**@belief
 
**@command
 
**@command
−
**@condition
 
 
**@conclusion
 
**@conclusion
 +
**@condition
 
**@confirmation
 
**@confirmation
 
**@consequence
 
**@consequence
 
**@conviction
 
**@conviction
 
**@decision
 
**@decision
−
**@determination
 
 
**@deduction
 
**@deduction
 
**@desire
 
**@desire
 +
**@determination
 
**@doubt
 
**@doubt
 
**@exclamation
 
**@exclamation
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**@permission
 
**@permission
 
**@possibility
 
**@possibility
−
**@probability
 
 
**@prediction
 
**@prediction
 
**@presumption
 
**@presumption
 +
**@probability
 
**@prohibition
 
**@prohibition
 
**@promise
 
**@promise
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**@threat
 
**@threat
 
**@warning
 
**@warning
 +
*[[nominal attributes]] (NOUA)
 +
**@about
 +
**@round
 +
**@of
 
*[[person]] (PERA)
 
*[[person]] (PERA)
 
**@1 (first person: speaker)
 
**@1 (first person: speaker)
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**@3 (third person)
 
**@3 (third person)
 
*[[place]] (WHERE)
 
*[[place]] (WHERE)
−
**@aboard
+
**location
−
**@above
+
***@above
−
**@across
+
***@among
−
**@ahead_of
+
***@around
−
**@along
+
***@at
−
**@alongside
+
***@back
−
**@amid
+
***@behind
−
**@among
+
***@below
−
**@apart_from
+
***@beside
−
**@around
+
***@between
−
**@aside
+
***@beyond
−
**@aside_from
+
***@bottom
−
**@astride
+
***@front
−
**@at
+
***@in
−
**@athwart
+
***@inside
−
**@atop
+
***@left
−
**@behind
+
***@on
−
**@below
+
***@opposite
−
**@beneath
+
***@outside
−
**@beside
+
***@over
−
**@between
+
***@right
−
**@beyond
+
***@side
−
**@close_to
+
***@top
−
**@down
+
***@under
−
**@far_from
+
***@within
−
**@from
+
**position
−
**@in
+
***@contact
−
**@in_front_of
+
***@far
−
**@in_place_of
+
***@near
−
**@inside
+
**direction
−
**@inside_of
+
***@across
−
**@into
+
***@along
−
**@near
+
***@clockwise
−
**@near_to
+
***@down
−
**@next
+
***@from
−
**@next_to
+
***@through
−
**@on
+
***@throughout
−
**@on_top_of
+
***@to
−
**@onto
+
***@towards
−
**@opposite
+
***@up
−
**@out
+
−
**@out_from
+
−
**@out_of
+
−
**@outside
+
−
**@outside_of
+
−
**@through
+
−
**@throughout
+
−
**@to
+
−
**@toward
+
−
**@towards
+
−
**@under
+
−
**@underneath
+
−
**@up
+
−
**@upon
+
−
**@via
+
−
**@within
+
 
*[[polarity]] (POLA)
 
*[[polarity]] (POLA)
 
**@yes (affirmative)
 
**@yes (affirmative)
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**@maybe (dubitative)
 
**@maybe (dubitative)
 
*[[quantification]] (QUAA)
 
*[[quantification]] (QUAA)
−
**@any (any)
+
**@any (any) (existential quantifier)
−
**@all (all)
+
**@all (all) (universal quantifier)
−
**@every (every)
+
**@entire (entire)
 
**@generic (no quantification)
 
**@generic (no quantification)
 +
**@half (half)
 +
**@majority (a major part)
 +
**@minority (a minor part)
 
**@no (none)
 
**@no (none)
 +
**@part (part)
 
**@pl (plural)
 
**@pl (plural)
 
***@dual
 
***@dual
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**@times (multiplicative)
 
**@times (multiplicative)
 
**@tuple (collective)
 
**@tuple (collective)
 +
**@unit (unit)
 
*[[register]] (REGA)
 
*[[register]] (REGA)
 
**@archaic
 
**@archaic
Line 345: Line 323:
 
**@dialect
 
**@dialect
 
**@jargon
 
**@jargon
 +
**@literary
 +
**@pejorative
 
**@slang
 
**@slang
 
**@taboo
 
**@taboo
 
*[[social deixis]] (SODA)
 
*[[social deixis]] (SODA)
 +
**@equivalent
 
**@familiar
 
**@familiar
 +
**@inferior
 
**@intimate
 
**@intimate
 
**@polite
 
**@polite
−
**@equivalent
 
−
**@inferior
 
−
**@superior
 
 
**@reverential
 
**@reverential
 +
**@superior
 
*[[specification]] (WHICH)
 
*[[specification]] (WHICH)
−
**@also (also
+
**@also (also)
 +
**@circa
 
**@def (definite)
 
**@def (definite)
 
***@both (both)
 
***@both (both)
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***@certain (certain)
 
***@certain (certain)
 
***@wh
 
***@wh
 +
**@neither
 
**@only
 
**@only
 
**@ordinal (ordinal)
 
**@ordinal (ordinal)
Line 380: Line 362:
 
***@double_parenthesis
 
***@double_parenthesis
 
***@double_quote
 
***@double_quote
−
***@simple_parenthesis
+
***@parenthesis
 
***@single_quote
 
***@single_quote
 
***@square_bracket
 
***@square_bracket
Line 387: Line 369:
 
**@speech (direct speech)
 
**@speech (direct speech)
 
**@title (title)
 
**@title (title)
−
**@topic (topicalization)
 
 
**@vocative (vocative)
 
**@vocative (vocative)
 
*[[time]] (WHEN)
 
*[[time]] (WHEN)
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***@during
 
***@during
 
***@following
 
***@following
−
***@from
 
−
***@from_on
 
−
***@in
 
 
***@prior_to
 
***@prior_to
 
***@since
 
***@since
 
***@subsequent_to
 
***@subsequent_to
 +
***@until
 
*[[voice]] (VOIA)
 
*[[voice]] (VOIA)
 
**@active: He built this house in 1895
 
**@active: He built this house in 1895

Latest revision as of 14:06, 19 February 2015

Universal Attributes are arcs linking a node to itself. In opposition to Universal Relations, they correspond to one-place predicates, i.e., functions that take a single argument. In UNL, attributes have been normally used to represent information conveyed by natural language grammatical categories (such as tense, mood, aspect, number, etc). The set of attributes, which is claimed to be universal, is defined in the UNL Specs and is not open to frequent additions.

Syntax

The syntax of attributes is defined as follows: 

<attribute>      ::= "@"<attribute name>
<attribute name> ::= <character>+
<character>      ::= {“a”,...,“z”,“_”}

where:
< > variable
" " terminal symbol
::=... is defined as ...
{ } disjunction ("or")
+ to be used one or more times
... to be repeated more than 0 times

Attribute names are always lower case words or expressions. Normally, English words ("past", "will") or mnemonic abbreviations ("def", "pl") are used for attribute labelling. No blank space is allowed inside an attribute name.

Semantics

Attributes are annotations made to nodes or hypernodes of a UNL hypergraph. They denote the circumstances under which these nodes (or hypernodes) are used.

Attributes may convey three different kinds of information:

  • The information on the role of the node in the UNL graph (as in the case for '@entry', that indicates the main (starting) node of a UNL directed graph);
  • The information conveyed by bound morphemes and closed classes, such as affixes (gender, number, tense, aspect, mood, voice, etc), determiners (articles and demonstratives), adpositions (prepositions, postpositions and circumpositions), conjunctions, auxiliary and quasi-auxiliary verbs (auxiliaries, modals, coverbs, preverbs) and degree adverbs (specifiers).
  • The information on the (external) context of the utterance, i.e., non-verbal elements of communication, such as prosody, sentence and text structure, politeness, schemes, social deixis and speech acts.

Set of attributes 

List of attributes in alphabetical order

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