C-rule
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*VC([love]); (order must not be informed, because in English complements come at the right side by default: ''make'' > ''make love'') | *VC([love]); (order must not be informed, because in English complements come at the right side by default: ''make'' > ''make love'') | ||
*NS([the]); (order must not be informed, because in English specifiers come at the left side, by default: ''Netherlands'' > ''the Netherlands'') | *NS([the]); (order must not be informed, because in English specifiers come at the left side, by default: ''Netherlands'' > ''the Netherlands'') | ||
| − | *NA(>>,"available"); (order must be informed, because in English nominal adjuncts come at the left side, by default: ''table'' > ''new table'') | + | *NA('''>>''',"available"); (order must be informed, because in English nominal adjuncts come at the left side, by default: ''table'' > ''new table'') |
;Adjacency is to be represented by the [[Distribution|adjacency features]] (IMM, NEA, FAR), if not default; | ;Adjacency is to be represented by the [[Distribution|adjacency features]] (IMM, NEA, FAR), if not default; | ||
*VC([love]); (adjacency must not be informed, because in English complements come right after the head: ''make'' > ''make love'') | *VC([love]); (adjacency must not be informed, because in English complements come right after the head: ''make'' > ''make love'') | ||
| − | *VA(IMM,[home])VC("the bacon"); (adjacency must be informed because in English the complement is normally generated before the adjunct: | + | *VA('''IMM''',[home])VC("the bacon"); (adjacency must be informed because in English the complement is normally generated before the adjunct: ''bring the bacon home'') |
Adjacency is informed either by assigning "IMM" to the immediate constituent, or "FAR" to the farthest constituent, depending on the case. There is no need to mark all constituents with adjacency features. | Adjacency is informed either by assigning "IMM" to the immediate constituent, or "FAR" to the farthest constituent, depending on the case. There is no need to mark all constituents with adjacency features. | ||
== Syntax == | == Syntax == | ||
Compounds may be explicitly expressed by [[S-rules]], a formalism for describing the syntactic structure of phrases. | Compounds may be explicitly expressed by [[S-rules]], a formalism for describing the syntactic structure of phrases. | ||
Revision as of 15:57, 23 March 2010
Compounding or composition is the word-formation process of creating compounds by combining or putting together lexemes.
Contents |
Expressing compounds in the UNLarium
In the UNLarium framework, compounds are treated as ordinary simple words except in case of discontinuous multi-word expressions or with infixation (such as "give in" or "take into account"). In these cases, the lemma is different from the base form, and the compound-formation process is expected to be defined through S-rules such as the following:
<SYNTACTIC ROLE>(<ADDED>);
Where:
<SYNTACTIC ROLE> is the syntactic role (VA, VC, VS, VH, etc) of the term to be added to the base form; and
<ADDED> is the term to be added to the base form to form the compound. It can be a string between "quotes" or a lemma between [brackets]
Examples
| Lemma | Base Form | Compound | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| give in | give | VH([in]) | the lemma "in" is to be added to the base form as part of the head of the verb (VH) |
| take into account | take | VA("into account") | the string "into account" is to be added to the base form as an adjunct to the verb (VA) |
| throw <person> to the lions | throw | VA("to the lions")VC(NP) | the string "to the lions" is to be added to the base form as an adjunct to the verb (VA) and a noun phrase (NP) is to be added as a complement to the verb (VC) |
Observations
- Phrasal verbs
- Particles of phrasal verbs must be represented as part of the head, if non separable, or as adjuncts, if separable:
- give in = VH([in]); ("give in something" but
"give something in") - give back = VA([back]); ("give back something" or "give something back")
- Strings and lemmas
- In the compound-formation process, the UNLarium distinguishes between strings (to be represented between "") and lemmas (to be represented between [ ]). The difference between strings and lemmas has to do with the dictionary status. Lemmas, but not strings, are expected to be defined as dictionary entries:
- VA("into account"); (add the string "into account" as a verbal adjunct, take > take into account)
- VC([love]); (add the lemma "love" as a verbal complement, such as in make > make love)
In the above, it's unlikely to have "into account" as a single entry, whereas "love" is probably already there.
- Complex compounds
- Compounds must include as many terms as different syntactic roles:
- give up the gost = VH([up])VC("the ghost"); (
VH("up the ghost")orVC("up the ghost"))
- Order is to be represented by the features ">", ">>", "<" or "<<", if not default;
- VC([love]); (order must not be informed, because in English complements come at the right side by default: make > make love)
- NS([the]); (order must not be informed, because in English specifiers come at the left side, by default: Netherlands > the Netherlands)
- NA(>>,"available"); (order must be informed, because in English nominal adjuncts come at the left side, by default: table > new table)
- Adjacency is to be represented by the adjacency features (IMM, NEA, FAR), if not default;
- VC([love]); (adjacency must not be informed, because in English complements come right after the head: make > make love)
- VA(IMM,[home])VC("the bacon"); (adjacency must be informed because in English the complement is normally generated before the adjunct: bring the bacon home)
Adjacency is informed either by assigning "IMM" to the immediate constituent, or "FAR" to the farthest constituent, depending on the case. There is no need to mark all constituents with adjacency features.
Syntax
Compounds may be explicitly expressed by S-rules, a formalism for describing the syntactic structure of phrases.
