Universal Attributes

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'''Attributes''' are arcs linking a node to itself. In opposition to [[relations]], they correspond to one-place predicates, i.e., functions that take a single argument. In UNL, attributes have been normally used to represent information conveyed by natural language grammatical categories (such as tense, mood, aspect, number, etc). The set of attributes, which is claimed to be universal, is defined in the [[Specs|UNL Specs]] and is not open to frequent additions.
+
'''Universal Attributes''' are arcs linking a node to itself. In opposition to [[Universal Relations]], they correspond to one-place predicates, i.e., functions that take a single argument. In UNL, attributes have been normally used to represent information conveyed by natural language grammatical categories (such as tense, mood, aspect, number, etc). The set of attributes, which is claimed to be universal, is defined in the [[Specs|UNL Specs]] and is not open to frequent additions.
  
 
== Syntax ==
 
== Syntax ==
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The syntax of attributes is defined as follows:
 
The syntax of attributes is defined as follows:
  
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{|
+
<nowiki><attribute>     ::= "@"<attribute name></nowiki>
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|<attribute>
+
<nowiki><attribute name> ::= <character>+</nowiki>
−
|::=
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<nowiki><character>     ::= {“a”,...,“z”,“_”}</nowiki>
−
|"@"<attribute name>
+
−
|-
+
−
|<attribute name>
+
−
|::=
+
−
|<character>...
+
−
|-
+
−
|<character>
+
−
|::=
+
−
|{“a”,...,“z”,“_”}
+
−
|}
+
  
 
where:<br />
 
where:<br />
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<nowiki>::=</nowiki>... is defined as ...<br />
 
<nowiki>::=</nowiki>... is defined as ...<br />
 
{ } disjunction ("or")<br />
 
{ } disjunction ("or")<br />
 +
<nowiki>+</nowiki>      to be used one or more times<br />
 
... to be repeated more than 0 times<br />
 
... to be repeated more than 0 times<br />
  
−
Attribute names are always lower case words or expressions. Normally, English words ("past", "will") or mnemonic abbreviations ("def", "pl") are used for attribute labelling. No blank space is allowed inside an attribute name ('@double_quote').  
+
Attribute names are always lower case words or expressions. Normally, English words ("past", "will") or mnemonic abbreviations ("def", "pl") are used for attribute labelling. No blank space is allowed inside an attribute name.
−
+
 
 
== Semantics ==
 
== Semantics ==
  
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Attributes may convey three different kinds of information:  
 
Attributes may convey three different kinds of information:  
 
*The information on the role of the node in the UNL graph (as in the case for '@entry', that indicates the main (starting) node of a UNL directed graph);
 
*The information on the role of the node in the UNL graph (as in the case for '@entry', that indicates the main (starting) node of a UNL directed graph);
−
*The information on the original co-text (i.e., the textual neighborhoods) from which the node was extracted (as in the case of '@parenthesis', that indicates that the node was originally represented between parentheses); and  
+
*The information conveyed by bound morphemes and closed classes, such as affixes (gender, number, tense, aspect, mood, voice, etc), determiners (articles and demonstratives), adpositions (prepositions, postpositions and circumpositions), conjunctions, auxiliary and quasi-auxiliary verbs (auxiliaries, modals, coverbs, preverbs) and degree adverbs (specifiers).
−
*The information on the (external) context of the utterance (as in the case of '@past', that indicates that the node was used in a time before the speaker's one). In that sense, attributes include phenomena associated to the idea of "deixis".
+
*The information on the (external) context of the utterance, i.e., non-verbal elements of communication, such as prosody, sentence and text structure, politeness, schemes, social deixis and speech acts.
  
 
== Set of attributes ==
 
== Set of attributes ==
  
−
The set of attributes of the current Specification (2005) is presented below in alphabetical order.
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[http://www.unlweb.net/unlarium/dictionary/export_attributes.php List of attributes in alphabetical order]
  
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<div align="center">
+
{{#tree:id=tagset|openlevels=0|root=att|
−
{| border="1"
+
*[[animacy]] (ANIA)
−
|+
+
**@person
−
=== Set of Attributes ===
+
**@thing
−
! Attribute
+
*[[aspect]] (ASPA)
−
! Definition
+
**@causative: causative
−
|-
+
**@continuative: continuous
−
| [[@ability]]
+
**@experiential: experience
−
| Ability, capability of doing something
+
**@habitual: habitual
−
|-
+
**@imperfective: uncompleted
−
| [[@admire]]
+
**@inceptive: beginning
−
| Admiring feeling of the speaker about something
+
**@inchoative: change of state
−
|-
+
**@iterative: repetition
−
| [[@affirmative]]
+
**@perfect: perfect
−
| Affirmation
+
**@perfective: completed
−
|-
+
**@permissive: permissive
−
| [[@although]]
+
**@persistent: persistent
−
| Something follows against [contrary to] or beyond expectation
+
**@progressive: ongoing
−
|-
+
**@prospective: imminent
−
| [[@angle_bracket]]
+
**@result: result
−
| < > are used
+
**@terminative: cessation
−
|-
+
*[[degree]] (DEGA)
−
| [[@begin]]
+
**negative
−
| beginning of an event or a state
+
***@not: negative
−
|-
+
***@almost: approximative
−
| [[@blame]]
+
**positive
−
| Blameful feeling of the speaker about something
+
***@again: iterative
−
|-
+
***@emphasis: emphasis
−
| [[@brace]]
+
***@enough: sufficiently (enough)
−
| { } are used
+
***@extra: excessively (too)
−
|-
+
***@minus: downtoned (a little)
−
| [[@certain]]
+
***@plus: intensified (very)
−
| Certainty that something is true or happens
+
**comparative
−
|-
+
***@more: comparative of superiority
−
| [[@complete]]
+
***@less: comparative of inferiority
−
| finishing/completion of a (whole) event
+
***@equal: comparative of equality
−
|-
+
**superlative
−
| [[@conclusion]]
+
***@most: superlative of superiority
−
| Logical conclusion due to a certain condition
+
***@least: superlative of inferiority
−
|-
+
*[[emotion]]s (FEEL)
−
| [[@confirmation]]
+
**@anger
−
| Confirmation
+
**@attention
−
|-
+
**@consent
−
| [[@consent]]
+
**@contentment
−
| Consent feeling of the speaker about something
+
**@disagreement
−
|-
+
**@discontentment
−
| [[@consequence]]
+
**@dissent
−
| Logical consequence
+
**@hesitation
−
|-
+
**@pain
−
| [[@contempt]]
+
**@relief
−
| Contemptuous feeling of the speaker about something
+
**@surprise
−
|-
+
**@weariness
−
| [[@continue]]
+
*[[figure of speech]] (FIGA)
−
| continuation of an event
+
**Schemes
−
|-
+
***@alliteration: series of words that begin with the same letter or sound alike
−
| [[@contrast]]
+
***@anacoluthon: change in the syntax within a sentence
−
| Contrasted UW
+
***@anadiplosis: repetition of a word at the end of a clause at the beginning of another
−
|-
+
***@anaphora: repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses
−
| [[@custom]]
+
***@anastrophe: inversion of the usual word order
−
| customary or repetitious action
+
***@antanaclasis: repetition of a word in two different senses
−
|-
+
***@anticlimax: Arrangement of words in order of decreasing importance
−
| [[@def]]
+
***@antimetabole: repetition of words in successive clauses, in reverse order
−
| already referred
+
***@antithesis: juxtaposition of opposing or contrasting ideas
−
|-
+
***@apposition: placing of two elements side by side, in which the second defines the first
−
| [[@discontented]]
+
***@assonance: repetition of vowel sounds, most commonly within a short passage of verse
−
| Discontented feeling of the speaker about something
+
***@asyndeton: omission of conjunctions between related clauses
−
|-
+
***@brachylogia: omission of conjunctions between a series of words
−
| [[@disjointed]]
+
***@chiasmus: reversal of grammatical structures in successive clauses
−
| attached to an UW or a group of UWs to show that all element concept do not hold common instance. All connected UWs do not share instances.
+
***@climax: arrangement of words in order of increasing importance
−
|-
+
***@consonance: repetition of consonant sounds without the repetition of the vowel sounds
−
| [[@dissent]]
+
***@ellipsis: omission of words
−
| Dissent feeling of the speaker about something
+
***@epanalepsis: repetition of the initial word or words of a clause or sentence at the end of the clause or sentence
−
|-
+
***@parallelism: use of similar structures in two or more clauses
−
| [[@double_parenthesis]]
+
***@parenthesis: insertion of a clause or sentence in a place where it interrupts the natural flow of the sentence
−
| (( )) are used
+
***@pleonasm: Use of superfluous or redundant words
−
|-
+
***@polyptoton: repetition of words derived from the same root
−
| [[@double_quote]]
+
***@polysyndeton: repetition of conjunctions
−
| “ ” are used
+
***@symploce: combination of anaphora and epistrophe
−
|-
+
**Tropes
−
| [[@emphasis]]
+
***@anthropomorphism: Ascribing human characteristics to something that is not human, such as an animal or a god (see zoomorphism)
−
| Emphasized UW
+
***@antiphrasis: Word or words used contradictory to their usual meaning, often with irony
−
|-
+
***@antonomasia: Substitution of a phrase for a proper name or vice versa
−
| [[@end]]
+
***@catachresis: use an existing word to denote something that has no name in the current language
−
| end/termination of an event or a state
+
***@double_negative: Grammar construction that can be used as an expression and it is the repetition of negative words
−
|-
+
***@dysphemism: Substitution of a harsher, more offensive, or more disagreeable term for another. Opposite of euphemism
−
| [[@entry]]
+
***@epanorthosis: Immediate and emphatic self-correction, often following a slip of the tongue
−
| Entry or main UW of a sentence or a scope
+
***@euphemism: Substitution of a less offensive or more agreeable term for another
−
|-
+
***@hyperbole: Use of exaggerated terms for emphasis
−
| [[@exclamation]]
+
***@irony: Use of word in a way that conveys a meaning opposite to its usual meaning
−
| Exclamation
+
***@metaphor: Stating one entity is another for the purpose of comparing them in quality
−
|-
+
***@metonymy: Substitution of a word to suggest what is really meant
−
| [[@expectation]]
+
***@onomatopoeia: Words that sound like their meaning
−
| Expectation of something
+
***@oxymoron: Using two terms together, that normally contradict each other
−
|-
+
***@paradox: Use of apparently contradictory ideas to point out some underlying truth
−
| [[@experience]]
+
***@paronomasia: A form of pun, in which words similar in sound but with different meanings are used
−
| experience
+
***@periphrasis: Using several words instead of few
−
|-
+
***@repetition: Repeated usage of word(s)/group of words in the same sentence to create a poetic/rhythmic effect
−
| [[@future]]
+
***@synecdoche: Form of metonymy, in which a part stands for the whole
−
| will happen in future
+
***@synesthesia: Description of one kind of sense impression by using words that normally describe another.
−
|-
+
***@zoomorphism: Applying animal characteristics to humans or gods
−
| [[@generic]]
+
*[[gender]] (GENA)
−
| generic concept
+
**@female
−
|-
+
**@male
−
| [[@get-benefit]]
+
**@neutral
−
| Speaker’s feeling of receiving benefits through the fact or result of something (to be) done by somebody else
+
*[[information structure]] (ISTA)
−
|-
+
**@focus
−
| [[@give-benefit]]
+
**@topic
−
| Speaker’s feeling of giving benefits by doing something for somebody else
+
**@comment
−
|-
+
*[[lexical category]] (LEXA)
−
| [[@grant]]
+
**@adjective
−
| To give/get consent/permission to do something
+
**@adverb
−
|-
+
**@noun
−
| [[@grant-not]]
+
**@verb
−
| Not to give consent to do something
+
*[[manner]] (HOW)
−
|-
+
**@according_to
−
| [[@humility]]
+
**@against
−
| In a humility manner
+
**@although
−
|-
+
**@as
−
| [[@identifiable]]
+
**@as.@if
−
| attached to an UW that can identify the subject
+
**@as_far_as
−
|-
+
**@as_of
−
| [[@imperative]]
+
**@as_per
−
| Imperative
+
**@as_regards
−
|-
+
**@barring
−
| [[@indef]]
+
**@because
−
| non-specific class
+
**@besides
−
|-
+
**@but
−
| [[@inevitable]]
+
**@by
−
| Logical inevitability that something is true or happens
+
**@by_means_of
−
|-
+
**@circa
−
| [[@insistence]]
+
**@concerning
−
| Strong determination to do something
+
**@despite
−
|-
+
**@due_to
−
| [[@intention]]
+
**@even.@if
−
| Intention about something or to do something
+
**@except
−
|-
+
**@except.@if
−
| [[@interrogative]]
+
**@except_for
−
| Interrogation
+
**@excluding
−
|-
+
**@failing
−
| [[@invitation]]
+
**@for
−
| Inducement
+
**@given
−
|-
+
**@if
−
| [[@just]]
+
**@if.@only
−
| Expresses an event or a state that has just begun or ended/completed
+
**@in
−
|-
+
**@in_accordance_with
−
| [[@may]]
+
**@in_addition_to
−
| Practical possibility that something is true or happens
+
**@in_case
−
|-
+
**@in_case_of
−
| [[@need]]
+
**@in_favor_of
−
| Necessity to do something
+
**@in_spite_of
−
|-
+
**@in_terms_of
−
| [[@not]]
+
**@including
−
| complement set
+
**@instead_of
−
|-
+
**@like
−
| [[@obligation]]
+
**@mid
−
| Obligation to do something according to (quasi-) law, contract, or …
+
**@off
−
|-
+
**@on_account_of
−
| [[@obligation-not]]
+
**@on_behalf_of
−
| Obligation not to do something, forbid to do something according to (quasi-) law, contract or …
+
**@opposite
−
|-
+
**@or
−
| [[@ordinal]]
+
**@over
−
| ordinal number
+
**@owing_to
−
|-
+
**@pace
−
| [[@parenthesis]]
+
**@per
−
| ( ) are used
+
**@pursuant_to
−
|-
+
**@qua
−
| [[@passive]]
+
**@regarding
−
| passive form
+
**@regardless_of
−
|-
+
**@save
−
| [[@past]]
+
**@so
−
| happened in the past
+
**@than
−
|-
+
**@thanks_to
−
| [[@pl]]
+
**@that_of
−
| more than one
+
**@unless
−
|-
+
**@unlike
−
| [[@polite]]
+
**@versus
−
| polite way
+
**@with
−
|-
+
**@with_regard_to
−
| [[@possible]]
+
**@with_relation_to
−
| Logical possibility that something is true or happens
+
**@with_respect_to
−
|-
+
**@without
−
| [[@present]]
+
**@worth
−
| happening at present
+
*[[modality]] (MODA)
−
|-
+
**@ability
−
| [[@probable]]
+
**@advice
−
| (Practical) probability that something is true or happens
+
**@agreement
−
|-
+
**@assertion
−
| [[@progress]]
+
**@assumption
−
| an event is in progress
+
**@belief
−
|-
+
**@command
−
| [[@qfocus]]
+
**@condition
−
| Focused UW of a question
+
**@conclusion
−
|-
+
**@confirmation
−
| [[@rare]]
+
**@consequence
−
| Rare logical possibility that something is true or happens
+
**@conviction
−
|-
+
**@decision
−
| [[@regret]]
+
**@determination
−
| Regretful feeling of the speaker about something
+
**@deduction
−
|-
+
**@desire
−
| [[@repeat]]
+
**@doubt
−
| repetition of an event
+
**@exclamation
−
|-
+
**@exhortation
−
| [[@request]]
+
**@expectation
−
| Request
+
**@fear
−
|-
+
**@hope
−
| [[@respect]]
+
**@hypothesis
−
| Respectful way
+
**@intention
−
|-
+
**@interrogation
−
| [[@should]]
+
**@invitation
−
| To do something as a matter of course
+
**@judgement
−
|-
+
**@narrative
−
| [[@single_quote]]
+
**@necessity
−
| ‘ ’ are used
+
**@obligation
−
|-
+
**@opinion
−
| [[@soon]]
+
**@permission
−
| Expresses an event or a state that is about to begin or end/completed
+
**@possibility
−
|-
+
**@probability
−
| [[@square_bracket]]
+
**@prediction
−
| [ ] are used
+
**@presumption
−
|-
+
**@prohibition
−
| [[@state]]
+
**@promise
−
| final state or the existence of the object on which an action has been taken
+
**@regret
−
|-
+
**@request
−
| [[@sufficient]]
+
**@speculation
−
| Sufficient condition
+
**@suggestion
−
|-
+
**@threat
−
| [[@surprised]]
+
**@warning
−
| Surprised feeling of the speaker about something
+
*[[person]] (PERA)
−
|-
+
**@1 (first person: speaker)
−
| [[@symmetric]]
+
**@2 (second person: addressee)
−
| attached to an UW that has symmetricity
+
**@3 (third person)
−
|-
+
*[[place]] (WHERE)
−
| [[@theme]]
+
**location
−
| Instantiates an object from a different class
+
***@among
−
|-
+
***@around
−
| [[@title]]
+
***@back
−
| Title
+
***@between
−
|-
+
***@bottom
−
| [[@topic]]
+
***@front
−
| Topic
+
***@inside
−
|-
+
***@left
−
| [[@transitive]]
+
***@opposite
−
| attached to an UW that has transitivity
+
***@outside
−
|-
+
***@right
−
| [[@troublesome]]
+
***@side
−
| Troublesome feeling of the speaker about the occurrence of something
+
***@top
−
|-
+
**position
−
| [[@unavoidable]]
+
***@contact
−
| Unavoidable feeling of the speaker about doing something
+
***@far
−
|-
+
***@near
−
| [[@unreal]]
+
**direction
−
| Unreality that something is true or happens
+
***@across
−
|-
+
***@along
−
| [[@vocative]]
+
***@clockwise
−
| Vocative
+
***@down
−
|-
+
***@from
−
| [[@want]]
+
***@through
−
| Desire to do something
+
***@to
−
|-
+
***@up
−
| [[@will]]
+
*[[polarity]] (POLA)
−
| Determination to do something
+
**@yes (affirmative)
−
|-
+
**@not (negative)
−
| [[@wish]]
+
**@maybe (dubitative)
−
| Wishful feeling, to wish something is true or has happened
+
*[[quantification]] (QUAA)
−
|-
+
**@any (any) (existential quantifier)
−
| [[@yet]]
+
**@all (all) (universal quantifier)
−
| Expresses an event or a state that has not yet started or ended/completed, together with @not
+
**@entire (entire)
−
|}
+
**@generic (no quantification)
−
</div>
+
**@half (half)
 +
**@majority (a major part)
 +
**@minority (a minor part)
 +
**@no (none)
 +
**@part (part)
 +
**@pl (plural)
 +
***@dual
 +
***@trial
 +
***@quadrual
 +
***@paucal
 +
***@multal
 +
**@singular (default)
 +
**@times (multiplicative)
 +
**@tuple (collective)
 +
**@unit (unit)
 +
*[[register]] (REGA)
 +
**@archaic
 +
**@colloquial
 +
**@dialect
 +
**@jargon
 +
**@slang
 +
**@taboo
 +
*[[social deixis]] (SODA)
 +
**@familiar
 +
**@intimate
 +
**@polite
 +
**@equivalent
 +
**@inferior
 +
**@superior
 +
**@reverential
 +
*[[specification]] (WHICH)
 +
**@also (also)
 +
**@def (definite)
 +
***@both (both)
 +
***@distal (far from the speaker)
 +
***@each (each)
 +
***@either (either)
 +
***@medial (near the addressee)
 +
***@other (other)
 +
***@own (own)
 +
***@proximal (near the speaker)
 +
***@same (same)
 +
***@such (such)
 +
**@even
 +
**@indef (indefinite)
 +
***@certain (certain)
 +
***@wh
 +
**@only
 +
**@ordinal (ordinal)
 +
*syntactic structures (SYNA)
 +
**conventions
 +
***@angle_bracket
 +
***@brace
 +
***@double_parenthesis
 +
***@double_quote
 +
***@simple_parenthesis
 +
***@single_quote
 +
***@square_bracket
 +
**@entry (sentence head)
 +
**@relative (relative clause head)
 +
**@speech (direct speech)
 +
**@title (title)
 +
**@vocative (vocative)
 +
*[[time]] (WHEN)
 +
**absolute tense
 +
***@past: at a time before the moment of utterance
 +
***@present: at the moment of utterance
 +
***@future: at a time after the moment of utterance
 +
***@recent: close to the moment of utterance
 +
***@remote: remote from the moment of utterance
 +
**relative tense
 +
***@anterior: before some other time other than the time of utterance
 +
***@posterior: after some other time other than the time of utterance
 +
**other
 +
***@after
 +
***@before
 +
***@during
 +
*[[voice]] (VOIA)
 +
**@active: He built this house in 1895
 +
**@passive: This house was built in 1895.
 +
**@reflexive: He killed himself.
 +
**@reciprocal: They killed each other.
 +
}}

Revision as of 11:33, 28 October 2014

Universal Attributes are arcs linking a node to itself. In opposition to Universal Relations, they correspond to one-place predicates, i.e., functions that take a single argument. In UNL, attributes have been normally used to represent information conveyed by natural language grammatical categories (such as tense, mood, aspect, number, etc). The set of attributes, which is claimed to be universal, is defined in the UNL Specs and is not open to frequent additions.

Syntax

The syntax of attributes is defined as follows: 

<attribute>      ::= "@"<attribute name>
<attribute name> ::= <character>+
<character>      ::= {“a”,...,“z”,“_”}

where:
< > variable
" " terminal symbol
::=... is defined as ...
{ } disjunction ("or")
+ to be used one or more times
... to be repeated more than 0 times

Attribute names are always lower case words or expressions. Normally, English words ("past", "will") or mnemonic abbreviations ("def", "pl") are used for attribute labelling. No blank space is allowed inside an attribute name.

Semantics

Attributes are annotations made to nodes or hypernodes of a UNL hypergraph. They denote the circumstances under which these nodes (or hypernodes) are used.

Attributes may convey three different kinds of information:

  • The information on the role of the node in the UNL graph (as in the case for '@entry', that indicates the main (starting) node of a UNL directed graph);
  • The information conveyed by bound morphemes and closed classes, such as affixes (gender, number, tense, aspect, mood, voice, etc), determiners (articles and demonstratives), adpositions (prepositions, postpositions and circumpositions), conjunctions, auxiliary and quasi-auxiliary verbs (auxiliaries, modals, coverbs, preverbs) and degree adverbs (specifiers).
  • The information on the (external) context of the utterance, i.e., non-verbal elements of communication, such as prosody, sentence and text structure, politeness, schemes, social deixis and speech acts.

Set of attributes 

List of attributes in alphabetical order

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