English grammar
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== Verb forms == | == Verb forms == | ||
| − | + | {| | |
| − | + | !Form | |
| − | + | !Tag | |
| − | + | !UNL | |
| − | + | !Example | |
| − | + | |- | |
| − | + | |Simple present | |
| − | + | |PRS | |
| − | + | |@present | |
| − | + | |He speaks = speak.@present | |
| − | + | |- | |
| − | + | |Present progressive | |
| − | + | |PRS&PGS | |
| − | + | |@present.@progressive | |
| − | + | |He is speaking = speak.@present.@progressive) | |
| − | + | |- | |
| − | + | |Simple past | |
| − | + | |PAS | |
| − | + | |@past | |
| − | + | |He spoke = speak.@past | |
| − | + | |- | |
| − | + | |Past progressive | |
| − | + | |PAS&PGS | |
| + | |@past.@progressive | ||
| + | |He was speaking = speak.@past.@progressive | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |rowspan="3"|Present Perfect Simple | ||
| + | |rowspan="3"|PRS&PFC | ||
| + | |@past (finished action that has an influence on the present) | ||
| + | |He has spoken many times about that = speak.@past | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |@present.@perfect (action that is still going on) | ||
| + | |He has spoken since yesterday = speak.@present.@perfect | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |@past.@recent (action that stopped recently) | ||
| + | |He has just spoken = speak.@past.@recent | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |rowspan="3"|Present Perfect Progressive | ||
| + | |PRS&PFC&PGS | ||
| + | |@past.@progressive (finished action that has an influence on the present) | ||
| + | |He has been speaking many times about that | ||
| + | |speak.@ast.@progressive | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |@present.@perfect.@progressive (action that is still going on) | ||
| + | |He has been speaking since yesterday | ||
| + | |speak.@present.@perfect.@progressive | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |@past.@recent.@progressive (action that stopped recently) | ||
| + | |He has just been speaking | ||
| + | |speak.@past.@recent.@progressive | ||
| + | | | ||
| + | |Past Perfect Simple | ||
| + | |PAS&RPT | ||
| + | |@past.@anterior | ||
| + | |He had not spoken = speak.@past.@anterior) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |Past Perfect Progressive | ||
| + | |PAS&RPT&PGS | ||
| + | |@past.@anterior.@progressive | ||
| + | |He had been speaking. = speak.@past.@anterior.@progressive | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |Future Simple | ||
| + | |FUT | ||
| + | |@future | ||
| + | |He will speak = speak.@future | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |Near future | ||
| + | |FUN | ||
| + | |@future.@recent | ||
| + | |He is going to speak = speak.@future.@near | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |Future Progressive | ||
| + | |FUT&PGS | ||
| + | |@future.@progressive | ||
| + | |He will be speaking = speak.@future.@progressive. | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |Future Perfect | ||
| + | |FUT&RPT | ||
| + | |@future.@anterior | ||
| + | |He will have spoken = speak.@future.@anterior | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |Future Perfect Progressive | ||
| + | |FUT&RPT&PGS | ||
| + | |@future.@anterior.@progressive | ||
| + | |He will have been speaking = speak.@future.@anterior.@progressive | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |Conditional | ||
| + | |CON | ||
| + | |@past.@posterior | ||
| + | |He would speak = speak.@past.@posterior | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |Conditional Progressive | ||
| + | |CON&PGS | ||
| + | |@past.@posterior.@progressive | ||
| + | |He would be speaking = speak.@past.@posterior.@progressive | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |Conditional Perfect | ||
| + | |CON&PFC | ||
| + | |@past.@posterior.@perfective | ||
| + | |He would have spoken = speak.@past.@posterior.@perfective | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |Conditional Perfect Progressive | ||
| + | |CON&RPT&PGS | ||
| + | |@past.@posterior.@perfective.@progressive | ||
| + | |He would have been speaking = speak.@past.@posterior.@perfective.@progressive) | ||
| + | |} | ||
Revision as of 17:37, 2 February 2010
Conjunctions
* indicates optional representation
| Conjunction | Attribute | English | UNL |
|---|---|---|---|
| after | @after | The books will be sent to the library after I have read them. | tim(send, read.@after) |
| although | @although | Although they have arrived early they could not enter. | seq(enter, arrive.@although) |
| and | @and* | He sold an apartment and bought a country-house. | and(buy, sell.@and) or and(buy, sell) |
| as | @as* | The situation is not so bad as you suggest. | man(bad, suggest.@as) or man(bad, suggest) |
| as | @because* | It`s empty, as it had been upside down | rsn(empty, upside.@because) or rsn(empty, upside) |
| as | @when* | His hands trembled as he spoke. | tim(tremble, speak.@when) or tim(tremble, speak) |
| as if | @as.@if | He gives orders as if he were the master of the house. | man(give, master.@as.@if) |
| as though | @as.@if | He treated me as though I were a stranger. | man(treat, stranger.@as.@if) |
| as well as | @and* | Robert, as well as Smith, deservers punishment. | and(Smith.@and, Robert) or and(Smith, Robert) |
| because | @because* | He said he cannot go because he is very busy. | rsn(go, busy.@because) or rsn(go, busy) |
| before | @before | Look before you leap. | tim(look, leap.@before) |
| both... and | @and* | He both speaks and writes perfectly. | and(write.@and, speak) or and(write, speak) |
| but | @but | He is young but sensible. | and(sensible.@but, young) |
| either... or | @or* | He will arrive either tomorrow or the day after tomorrow. | or(day.@or, tomorrow) or or(day, tomorrow) |
| even if | @even.@if | I intend to go even if it rains. | con(go, rain.@even.@if) or con(go, rain.@even) |
| even though | @although | Even though I was really tired, I couldn`t sleep. | seq(sleep, tired.@although) |
| except if | @except.@if | I intend to go except if it rains. | con(go, rain.@except.@if) or(go, rain.@except) |
| for | @because* | We must go, for it is late. | rsn(go, late.@because) or rsn(go, late) |
| if | - | I asked him if he intended to travel this month. | obj(ask, intend) |
| if | @if* | If you promise to come, I will wait for you. | con(wait, promise.@if) or con(wait, promise) |
| in case (that) | @in_case | He wears two watches in case one of them stops. | rsn(wear, stop.@in_case) |
| neither... nor | @and* | He drinks neither tea nor milk. | and(milk.@and.@not, tea.@not) or and(milk.@not, tea.@not) |
| nor | @and* | He would not buy it nor would he accept it as a gift. | and(accept.@and.@not, buy.@not) or and(accept.@not, buy.@not) |
| not only... but also | @and* | Not only does Sue raise money for the symphony, but she also ushers at all of their concerts. | and(usher.@and, raise) or and(usher, raise) |
| only if | .@if.@only | Only if you promise to come, I will wait for you. | con(wait, promise.@if.@only) or con(wait, promise.@only) |
| or | .@or* | You must prove that you are right or apologize | or(apologize.@or, prove) or or(apologize, prove) |
| since | @because* | Since you don`t like this model, I`ll show you another one | rsn(show, like.@because) or rsn(show, like) |
| since | @since* | What have you been doign since I last say you? | tmf(do, say.@since) or tmf(do, say) |
| so | @so* | We are late for the train, so we must take a taxi. | seq(take, late.@so) or seq(take, late) |
| so that | @so* | He preferred to work in the morning, so that he might be free in the afternoon. | seq(free, prefer.@so) or seq(free, prefer) |
| than | - | You are taller than he (is). | bas(tall, he) |
| that | - | I know that is impossible. | obj(know, impossible) |
| that | @because* | He is so hoarse that we can hardly hear what he says. | rsn(hear, hoarse.@because) or rsn(hear, hoarse) |
| that | @so* | He ran that he might arrive in time. | seq(arrive.@so, run) or seq(arrive, run) |
| then | @so* | Our expenses will be very heavy: we will have to buy a great number of books; then we`ll have to pay several debts. | seq(pay.@so, buy) or seq(pay, buy) |
| though | @although | ||
| till | @until* | Wait till the day breaks. | tmt(wait, break.@until) or tmt(wait, break) |
| unless | @unless | I shall go unless it rains. | con(go, rain.@unless) |
| until | @until* | Wait until the day breaks. | tmt(wait, break.@until) or tmt(wait, break) |
| when | @when* | When I arrive I will write. | tim(write, arrive.@when) or tim(write, arrive) |
| whereas | @whereas* | You didn`t work yesterday, whereas he worked till midnight. | coo(work, work.@whereas) or coo(work, work) |
| whether | - | I asked him whether he intended to travel this month. | obj(ask, travel) |
| whether... or | @or* | I would like to know whether he is in France or in England. | or(England, France) |
| while | @whereas* | You were punctual , while he is always late. | coo(punctual, late.@whereas) or coo(punctual, late) |
| while | @while* | Remain standing while they sing. | dur(stand, sing.@while) or dur(stand, sing) |
| yet | @but | He is extremely poor, yet he is as happy as a king. | and(king.@but, poor) |
Determiners
| Determiner | Attribute | English | UNL |
|---|---|---|---|
| a, an | @indef | a book | book.@indef |
| a few | @paucal | a few books | book.@paucal |
| a little | @paucal | a little ammount | ammount.@paucal |
| a lot of | @multal | a lot of books | book.@multal |
| all | @all | all books | book.@all |
| another | @other | another book | book.@other |
| any | @any | any book | book.@any |
| both | @both | both books | book.@both |
| each | @each | each book | book.@each |
| either | @either | either book | book.@either |
| else | @other | something else | something.@else |
| every | @every | every book | book.@every |
| few | @paucal | few books | book.@paucal |
| little | @paucal | little damage | damage.@paucal |
| many | @multal | many books | book.@multal |
| much | @multal | much effort | effort.@multal |
| neither | @neither | neither foot | foot.@neither |
| no | @not | no book | book.@not |
| other | @other | other book | book.@other |
| own | @own | own book | book.@own |
| same | @same | same book | book.@same |
| several | @multal | several books | book.@multal |
| some | @paucal | some books | book.@paucal |
| such | @such | such books | book.@such |
| that, those | @distal | that book | book.@distal |
| the | @def | the book | book.@def |
| this, these | @proximal | this book | book.@proximal |
| what | @wh | what book | book.@wh |
| whatever | @wh | whatever book | book.@wh |
| which | @wh | which book | book.@wh |
| whichever | @wh | whichever book | book.@wh |
Verb forms
| Form | Tag | UNL | Example | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simple present | PRS | @present | He speaks = speak.@present | ||||
| Present progressive | PRS&PGS | @present.@progressive | He is speaking = speak.@present.@progressive) | ||||
| Simple past | PAS | @past | He spoke = speak.@past | ||||
| Past progressive | PAS&PGS | @past.@progressive | He was speaking = speak.@past.@progressive | ||||
| Present Perfect Simple | PRS&PFC | @past (finished action that has an influence on the present) | He has spoken many times about that = speak.@past | ||||
| @present.@perfect (action that is still going on) | He has spoken since yesterday = speak.@present.@perfect | ||||||
| @past.@recent (action that stopped recently) | He has just spoken = speak.@past.@recent | ||||||
| Present Perfect Progressive | PRS&PFC&PGS | @past.@progressive (finished action that has an influence on the present) | He has been speaking many times about that | speak.@ast.@progressive | |||
| @present.@perfect.@progressive (action that is still going on) | He has been speaking since yesterday | speak.@present.@perfect.@progressive | |||||
| @past.@recent.@progressive (action that stopped recently) | He has just been speaking | speak.@past.@recent.@progressive | Past Perfect Simple | PAS&RPT | @past.@anterior | He had not spoken = speak.@past.@anterior) | |
| Past Perfect Progressive | PAS&RPT&PGS | @past.@anterior.@progressive | He had been speaking. = speak.@past.@anterior.@progressive | ||||
| Future Simple | FUT | @future | He will speak = speak.@future | ||||
| Near future | FUN | @future.@recent | He is going to speak = speak.@future.@near | ||||
| Future Progressive | FUT&PGS | @future.@progressive | He will be speaking = speak.@future.@progressive. | ||||
| Future Perfect | FUT&RPT | @future.@anterior | He will have spoken = speak.@future.@anterior | ||||
| Future Perfect Progressive | FUT&RPT&PGS | @future.@anterior.@progressive | He will have been speaking = speak.@future.@anterior.@progressive | ||||
| Conditional | CON | @past.@posterior | He would speak = speak.@past.@posterior | ||||
| Conditional Progressive | CON&PGS | @past.@posterior.@progressive | He would be speaking = speak.@past.@posterior.@progressive | ||||
| Conditional Perfect | CON&PFC | @past.@posterior.@perfective | He would have spoken = speak.@past.@posterior.@perfective | ||||
| Conditional Perfect Progressive | CON&RPT&PGS | @past.@posterior.@perfective.@progressive | He would have been speaking = speak.@past.@posterior.@perfective.@progressive) |
