Periphrasis

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'''Periphrasis''' is a device by which a grammatical category or grammatical relationship is expressed by a free morpheme (such as an auxiliary verb), instead of being shown by inflection or derivation.  
 
'''Periphrasis''' is a device by which a grammatical category or grammatical relationship is expressed by a free morpheme (such as an auxiliary verb), instead of being shown by inflection or derivation.  
  
−
In the UNL<sup>arium</sup> framework, periphrases always lead to the creation of syntactic relations, which are expressed through [[S-rule]]s as follows:
+
== Syntax ==
−
  CONDITION := RELATION(HEAD; ARGUMENT);
+
In the UNL<sup>arium</sup> framework, periphrases always lead to the creation of syntactic relations, which are expressed through [[S-rule]]s of the type create, as follows:
 +
  <CONDITION> := +<RELATION>;
 
Where
 
Where
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*CONDITION is a tag or list of tags, extracted from the [[tagset|UNDLF Tagset]], corresponding to the value of the attribute to be realised by complex grammatical structures;
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*CONDITION is a [[tagset|tag]] corresponding to the value of the attribute to be realised by complex grammatical structures;
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*RELATION is the syntactic relation to be created, extracted from the [[Syntax#Syntactic_Roles|syntactic roles]], where:
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*RELATION is the [[Syntactic roles|syntactic relation]] to be created, containing the <HEAD>, in case of head-only relations (VH, NH, JH, PH, IH, CH, AH, DH), or the <HEAD> and <ARGUMENT> (i.e, complement, adjunct or specifier), in case of binary relations (VA, VC, VS, VB, NA, NC, NS, etc).
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*HEAD is the head of the relation to be created; and
+
−
*ARGUMENT is one of the arguments (specifier, adjunct or complement) of the head.
+
−
The HEAD or the ARGUMENT may be relations themselves.
+
  
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= Examples =
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== Examples ==
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*FUT:=IC([will];+INF);
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*VH(%vh,FUT):=+IC([will];%vh,+INF);
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**In case of future (FUT), the lemma "will" is generated as the head of the inflectional phrase, and its complement receives the feature INF (infinitive), such as in ''do'' > ''will do'';
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**The head of the verbal phrase receives the feature INF (infinitive) and becomes the complement of an inflectional phrase headed by the lemma "will" if it has the feature FUT (future)
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*PRS,PGS:=IC([be];+GER);
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*VH(%vh,PRS,PGS):=+IC([be],+PRS;%vh,+GER);
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**In case of present progressive (PRS,PGS), the lemma "be" is generated as the head of the inflectional phrase, and its complement receives the feature GER (gerund), such as in ''do'' > ''is doing'';
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**The head of the verbal phrase receives the feature GER (gerund) and becomes the complement of an inflectional phrase headed by the lemma "be" if it has the features PRS and PGS (present and progressive)
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*PRS,PFC:=IC([have];+PTP);
+
*VH(%vh,PRS,PFC):=+IC([have],+PRS;%vh,+PTP);
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**In case of present perfect (PRS,PFC), the lemma "have" is generated as the head of the inflectional phrase, and its complement receives the feature PTP (participle), such as in ''do'' > ''have done'';
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**The head of the verbal phrase receives the feature PTP (past participle) and becomes the complement of an inflectional phrase headed by the lemma "have" if it has the features PRS and PFC (present and perfect)
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*PRS,PFC,PGS:=IC([have];IC([be],+PTP;+GER));
+
 
−
**In case of present perfect progressive (PRS,PFC,PGS), the lemma "have" is generated as the head of the inflectional phrase, with a new inflectional phrase as its complement, whose head is the lemma "be" in the form of participle (PTP) and whose complement receives the feature GER (gerund).
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== Observations ==
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*NEG:=IC([do];VA(+INF;[not],<<));
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;Indexation
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**In case of negative, the lemma "do" is generated as the head of the inflectional phrase, and its complement is a verbal phrase whose head receives the feature infinitive and with the lemma "not" as an adjunct to its left.
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:As in S-rules, nodes in projection rules are always indexed, either by user-defined labels (such as %head, %comp or any other) or by the position in the left side of the rules.
 +
;Complex periphrases
 +
:Periphrases may lead to the creation of more than one node at once:
 +
:*Present perfect progressive (''read'' > ''have been reading'')
 +
:*Negation (''read'' > ''do not read'')
 +
:*VH(%vh,NEG):=+IC([do];%vh,+INF)VA(%vh;[not],+<<); (The head of the verbal phrase receives the feature infinitive (INF) and becomes the complement of an inflectional phrase headed by the lemma "do"; the adjunct "not" is generated to the left of the head of the verbal phrase)
 +
:*VH(%vh,PRS,PFC,PGS):=+IC([have],+PRS;[be],+PTP,%ic)IC(%ic;%vh,+GER); (create two IPs: the lower one has the head of the verbal phrase as its complement; the second one has the lower IP as its complement. The lowest IP is headed by the lemma "be" whereas the highest is headed by the lemma "have". The head of the highest IP receives the feature present (PRS); the head of the second IP receives the feature participle (PTP); and the head of the verbal phrase receives the feature gerund (GER).)

Revision as of 11:49, 26 March 2010

Periphrasis is a device by which a grammatical category or grammatical relationship is expressed by a free morpheme (such as an auxiliary verb), instead of being shown by inflection or derivation.

Syntax

In the UNLarium framework, periphrases always lead to the creation of syntactic relations, which are expressed through S-rules of the type create, as follows: 

<CONDITION> := +<RELATION>;

Where

  • CONDITION is a tag corresponding to the value of the attribute to be realised by complex grammatical structures;
  • RELATION is the syntactic relation to be created, containing the <HEAD>, in case of head-only relations (VH, NH, JH, PH, IH, CH, AH, DH), or the <HEAD> and <ARGUMENT> (i.e, complement, adjunct or specifier), in case of binary relations (VA, VC, VS, VB, NA, NC, NS, etc).

Examples

  • VH(%vh,FUT):=+IC([will];%vh,+INF);
    • The head of the verbal phrase receives the feature INF (infinitive) and becomes the complement of an inflectional phrase headed by the lemma "will" if it has the feature FUT (future)
  • VH(%vh,PRS,PGS):=+IC([be],+PRS;%vh,+GER);
    • The head of the verbal phrase receives the feature GER (gerund) and becomes the complement of an inflectional phrase headed by the lemma "be" if it has the features PRS and PGS (present and progressive)
  • VH(%vh,PRS,PFC):=+IC([have],+PRS;%vh,+PTP);
    • The head of the verbal phrase receives the feature PTP (past participle) and becomes the complement of an inflectional phrase headed by the lemma "have" if it has the features PRS and PFC (present and perfect)

Observations

Indexation
As in S-rules, nodes in projection rules are always indexed, either by user-defined labels (such as %head, %comp or any other) or by the position in the left side of the rules.
Complex periphrases
Periphrases may lead to the creation of more than one node at once:
  • Present perfect progressive (read > have been reading)
  • Negation (read > do not read)
  • VH(%vh,NEG):=+IC([do];%vh,+INF)VA(%vh;[not],+<<); (The head of the verbal phrase receives the feature infinitive (INF) and becomes the complement of an inflectional phrase headed by the lemma "do"; the adjunct "not" is generated to the left of the head of the verbal phrase)
  • VH(%vh,PRS,PFC,PGS):=+IC([have],+PRS;[be],+PTP,%ic)IC(%ic;%vh,+GER); (create two IPs: the lower one has the head of the verbal phrase as its complement; the second one has the lower IP as its complement. The lowest IP is headed by the lemma "be" whereas the highest is headed by the lemma "have". The head of the highest IP receives the feature present (PRS); the head of the second IP receives the feature participle (PTP); and the head of the verbal phrase receives the feature gerund (GER).)
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