Periphrasis
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== Syntax == | == Syntax == | ||
In the UNL<sup>arium</sup> framework, periphrases always lead to the creation of syntactic relations, which are expressed through [[S-rule]]s of the type create, as follows: | In the UNL<sup>arium</sup> framework, periphrases always lead to the creation of syntactic relations, which are expressed through [[S-rule]]s of the type create, as follows: | ||
| − | < | + | <RELATION> := +<RELATION>; |
| − | Where | + | Where:<br /> |
| − | * | + | *<RELATION>, at the left side, is a relation containing the node that brings the value of the attribute to be realised by complex grammatical structures; and |
| − | *RELATION is the [[Syntactic roles|syntactic relation]] to be created, containing the <HEAD>, in case of head-only relations (VH, NH, JH, PH, IH, CH, AH, DH), or the <HEAD> and <ARGUMENT> (i.e, complement, adjunct or specifier), in case of binary relations (VA, VC, VS, VB, NA, NC, NS, etc). | + | *<RELATION>, at the right side, is the [[Syntactic roles|syntactic relation]] to be created, containing the <HEAD>, in case of head-only relations (VH, NH, JH, PH, IH, CH, AH, DH), or the <HEAD> and <ARGUMENT> (i.e, complement, adjunct or specifier), in case of binary relations (VA, VC, VS, VB, NA, NC, NS, etc), one of which co-indexed with the reference node in the left side. |
== Examples == | == Examples == | ||
Revision as of 11:52, 26 March 2010
Periphrasis is a device by which a grammatical category or grammatical relationship is expressed by a free morpheme (such as an auxiliary verb), instead of being shown by inflection or derivation.
Syntax
In the UNLarium framework, periphrases always lead to the creation of syntactic relations, which are expressed through S-rules of the type create, as follows:
<RELATION> := +<RELATION>;
Where:
- <RELATION>, at the left side, is a relation containing the node that brings the value of the attribute to be realised by complex grammatical structures; and
- <RELATION>, at the right side, is the syntactic relation to be created, containing the <HEAD>, in case of head-only relations (VH, NH, JH, PH, IH, CH, AH, DH), or the <HEAD> and <ARGUMENT> (i.e, complement, adjunct or specifier), in case of binary relations (VA, VC, VS, VB, NA, NC, NS, etc), one of which co-indexed with the reference node in the left side.
Examples
- VH(%vh,FUT):=+IC([will];%vh,+INF);
- The head of the verbal phrase receives the feature INF (infinitive) and becomes the complement of an inflectional phrase headed by the lemma "will" if it has the feature FUT (future)
- VH(%vh,PRS,PGS):=+IC([be],+PRS;%vh,+GER);
- The head of the verbal phrase receives the feature GER (gerund) and becomes the complement of an inflectional phrase headed by the lemma "be" if it has the features PRS and PGS (present and progressive)
- VH(%vh,PRS,PFC):=+IC([have],+PRS;%vh,+PTP);
- The head of the verbal phrase receives the feature PTP (past participle) and becomes the complement of an inflectional phrase headed by the lemma "have" if it has the features PRS and PFC (present and perfect)
Observations
- Indexation
- As in S-rules, nodes in projection rules are always indexed, either by user-defined labels (such as %head, %comp or any other) or by the position in the left side of the rules.
- Complex periphrases
- Periphrases may lead to the creation of more than one node at once:
- Negation (read > do not read)
- VH(%vh,NEG):=+IC([do];%vh,+INF)VA(%vh;[not],+<<); (The head of the verbal phrase receives the feature infinitive (INF) and becomes the complement of an inflectional phrase headed by the lemma "do"; the adjunct "not" is generated to the left of the head of the verbal phrase)
- Present perfect progressive (read > have been reading)
- VH(%vh,PRS,PFC,PGS):=+IC([have],+PRS;[be],+PTP,%ic)IC(%ic;%vh,+GER); (create two IPs: the lower one has the head of the verbal phrase as its complement; the second one has the lower IP as its complement. The lowest IP is headed by the lemma "be" whereas the highest is headed by the lemma "have". The head of the highest IP receives the feature present (PRS); the head of the second IP receives the feature participle (PTP); and the head of the verbal phrase receives the feature gerund (GER).)
