Adpositions

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Revision as of 19:04, 12 November 2013

Adpositions are connecting words used for a wide range of syntactic and semantic functions, most commonly modification and complementation.

Natural Language

Natural language adpositions are classified as prepositions, when preceding a phrase; as postpositions, when following a phrase; and as circumpositions, when surrounding a phrase:

Lists of prepositions

English prepositions

UNL

Natural language adpositions are expected to be explicitly represented in UNL by Universal Relations or by Universal Relations and Universal Attributes:

the book of John = pos(book,John) (preposition represented as a relation)
the book about John = cnt(book,John) (preposition represented as a relation)
He lives in Geneva = plc(live,Geneva) (preposition represented as a relation)
He died in 1956 = tim(died,"1956") (preposition represented as a relation)
He is going to Geneva = gol(go,Geneva) or plc(go,Geneva.@to) (preposition represented as a specific relation ("gol") or as a general relation ("plc") and an attribute)
He has been working since Saturday = tmf(work,Saturday) or tim(work,Saturday.@from) (preposition represented as a specific relation ("tmf") or as a general relation ("tim") and an attribute)
The book near the table = plc(book,table.@near) (preposition represented as a relation and an attribute)
The book under the table = plc(book,table.@bottom.@contact) (preposition represented as a relation and attributes)
The book below the table = plc(book,table.@bottom.@near) (preposition represented as a relation and attributes)

@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 == UNL ==
-Natural language adpositions are expected to be explicitly represented in UNL by [[Universal Relations]] or by Universal Relations and [[Universal Attributes]].
+Natural language adpositions are expected to be explicitly represented in UNL by [[Universal Relations]] or by Universal Relations and [[Universal Attributes]]:
+*the book of John = pos(book,John) (preposition represented as a relation)
-=== Adpositions as Universal Relations ===
+*the book about John = cnt(book,John) (preposition represented as a relation)
-As words that connect two other words, adpositions are always represented in UNL as relations:
+*He lives in Geneva = plc(live,Geneva) (preposition represented as a relation)
+*He died in 1956 = tim(died,"1956") (preposition represented as a relation)
-;agt = by
+*He is going to Geneva = gol(go,Geneva) or plc(go,Geneva.@to) (preposition represented as a specific relation ("gol") or as a general relation ("plc") and an attribute)
-;ben = for
+*He has been working since Saturday = tmf(work,Saturday) or tim(work,Saturday.@from) (preposition represented as a specific relation ("tmf") or as a general relation ("tim") and an attribute)
-;dur = during
+*The book near the table = plc(book,table.@near) (preposition represented as a relation and an attribute)
-;frm = from
+*The book under the table = plc(book,table.@bottom.@contact) (preposition represented as a relation and attributes)
-;gol = to
+*The book below the table = plc(book,table.@bottom.@near) (preposition represented as a relation and attributes)
-;ins = with
-;man = as
-;met = by
-;mod = of
-;opl = in
-;per = per
-;plc = in
-;plf = from
-;plt = to
-;pof = of
-;pos = of
-;ptn = with
-;pur = for
-;scn = in
-;src = from
-;tim = in
-;tmf = since
-;tmt = until
-;to = to
-;via = through
-=== Adpositions as Universal Attributes ===
-Adpositions are also represented as attributes when they assign specific values to general relations. For instance:
-;the book is in the box
-:the relation "plc" (place) is sufficient to represent the meaning intended by "in" and no attribute is necessary: plc(book, box)
-;the book is under the box
-:the relation "plc" (place) is too generic to represent the meaning intended by "under" and the attribute @under is necessary: plc(book, box.@under)
-For the time being, adpositions have been represented by their English correspondents.
-;@aboard
-;@about
-;@above
-;@according_to
-;@across
-;@after
-;@against
-;@ahead_of
-;@along
-;@alongside
-;@amid
-;@among
-;@apart_from
-;@around
-;@as
-;@as_far_as
-;@as_of
-;@as_per
-;@as_regards
-;@as_well_as
-;@aside
-;@aside_from
-;@astride
-;@at
-;@athwart
-;@atop
-;@barring
-;@because_of
-;@before
-;@behind
-;@below
-;@beneath
-;@beside
-;@besides
-;@between
-;@beyond
-;@but
-;@by
-;@by_means_of
-;@circa
-;@close_to
-;@concerning
-;@despite
-;@down
-;@due_to
-;@during
-;@except
-;@except_for
-;@excluding
-;@failing
-;@far_from
-;@following
-;@for
-;@from
-;@from_on
-;@given
-;@in
-;@in_accordance_with
-;@in_addition_to
-;@in_case_of
-;@in_favor_of
-;@in_front_of
-;@in_place_of
-;@in_spite_of
-;@in_terms_of
-;@including
-;@inside
-;@inside_of
-;@instead_of
-;@into
-;@like
-;@mid
-;@near
-;@near_to
-;@next
-;@next_to
-;@notwithstanding
-;@of
-;@off
-;@on
-;@on_account_of
-;@on_behalf_of
-;@on_top_of
-;@onto
-;@opposite
-;@out
-;@out_from
-;@out_of
-;@outside
-;@outside_of
-;@over
-;@owing_to
-;@pace
-;@per
-;@prior_to
-;@pursuant_to
-;@qua
-;@regarding
-;@regardless_of
-;@round
-;@save
-;@since
-;@subsequent_to
-;@than
-;@thanks_to
-;@that_of
-;@through
-;@throughout
-;@to
-;@toward
-;@towards
-;@under
-;@underneath
-;@unlike
-;@until
-;@up
-;@upon
-;@versus
-;@via
-;@with
-;@with_regard_to
-;@with_relation_to
-;@with_respect_to
-;@within
-;@without
-;@worth

Adpositions

Revision as of 19:04, 12 November 2013

Natural Language

Lists of prepositions

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