English grammar
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| + | == Conjunctions == | ||
| + | <nowiki>*</nowiki> indicates optional representation | ||
| + | |||
| + | {|border="1" cellpadding="5" | ||
| + | !Conjunction | ||
| + | !Attribute | ||
| + | !English | ||
| + | !UNL | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |after||@after||The books will be sent to the library after I have read them.||tim(send, read.@after) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |although||@although||Although they have arrived early they could not enter.||seq(enter, arrive.@although) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |and||@and*||He sold an apartment and bought a country-house.||and(buy, sell.@and) or and(buy, sell) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |as||@as*||The situation is not so bad as you suggest.||man(bad, suggest.@as) or man(bad, suggest) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |as||@because*||It`s empty, as it had been upside down||rsn(empty, upside.@because) or rsn(empty, upside) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |as||@when*||His hands trembled as he spoke.||tim(tremble, speak.@when) or tim(tremble, speak) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |as if||@as.@if||He gives orders as if he were the master of the house.||man(give, master.@as.@if) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |as though||@as.@if||He treated me as though I were a stranger.|| man(treat, stranger.@as.@if) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |as well as||@and*||Robert, as well as Smith, deservers punishment.||and(Smith.@and, Robert) or and(Smith, Robert) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |because||@because*||He said he cannot go because he is very busy.||rsn(go, busy.@because) or rsn(go, busy) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |before||@before||Look before you leap.||tim(look, leap.@before) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |both... and||@and*||He both speaks and writes perfectly.||and(write.@and, speak) or and(write, speak) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |but||@but||He is young but sensible.||and(sensible.@but, young) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |either... or||@or*||He will arrive either tomorrow or the day after tomorrow.|| or(day.@or, tomorrow) or or(day, tomorrow) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |even if||@even.@if||I intend to go even if it rains.||con(go, rain.@even.@if) or con(go, rain.@even) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |even though||@although||Even though I was really tired, I couldn`t sleep.||seq(sleep, tired.@although) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |except if||@except.@if||I intend to go except if it rains.||con(go, rain.@except.@if) or(go, rain.@except) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |for||@because*||We must go, for it is late.||rsn(go, late.@because) or rsn(go, late) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |if||-||I asked him if he intended to travel this month.||obj(ask, intend) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |if||@if*||If you promise to come, I will wait for you.||con(wait, promise.@if) or con(wait, promise) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |in case (that)||@in_case||He wears two watches in case one of them stops.||rsn(wear, stop.@in_case) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |neither... nor||@and*||He drinks neither tea nor milk.||and(milk.@and.@not, tea.@not) or and(milk.@not, tea.@not) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |nor||@and*||He would not buy it nor would he accept it as a gift.||and(accept.@and.@not, buy.@not) or and(accept.@not, buy.@not) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |not only... but also||@and*||Not only does Sue raise money for the symphony, but she also ushers at all of their concerts.||and(usher.@and, raise) or and(usher, raise) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |only if||.@if.@only||Only if you promise to come, I will wait for you.||con(wait, promise.@if.@only) or con(wait, promise.@only) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |or||.@or*||You must prove that you are right or apologize||or(apologize.@or, prove) or or(apologize, prove) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |since||@because*||Since you don`t like this model, I`ll show you another one|| rsn(show, like.@because) or rsn(show, like) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |since||@since*||What have you been doign since I last say you?||tmf(do, say.@since) or tmf(do, say) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |so||@so*||We are late for the train, so we must take a taxi.||seq(take, late.@so) or seq(take, late) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |so that||@so*||He preferred to work in the morning, so that he might be free in the afternoon.||seq(free, prefer.@so) or seq(free, prefer) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |than||-||You are taller than he (is).||bas(tall, he) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |that||-||I know that is impossible.||obj(know, impossible) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |that||@because*||He is so hoarse that we can hardly hear what he says.||rsn(hear, hoarse.@because) or rsn(hear, hoarse) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |that||@so*||He ran that he might arrive in time.||seq(arrive.@so, run) or seq(arrive, run) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |then||@so*||Our expenses will be very heavy: we will have to buy a great number of books; then we`ll have to pay several debts.||seq(pay.@so, buy) or seq(pay, buy) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |though||@although|||| | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |till||@until*||Wait till the day breaks.|| tmt(wait, break.@until) or tmt(wait, break) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |unless||@unless||I shall go unless it rains.||con(go, rain.@unless) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |until||@until*||Wait until the day breaks.||tmt(wait, break.@until) or tmt(wait, break) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |when||@when*||When I arrive I will write.||tim(write, arrive.@when) or tim(write, arrive) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |whereas||@whereas*||You didn`t work yesterday, whereas he worked till midnight.||coo(work, work.@whereas) or coo(work, work) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |whether||-||I asked him whether he intended to travel this month.||obj(ask, travel) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |whether... or||@or*||I would like to know whether he is in France or in England.||or(England, France) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |while||@whereas*||You were punctual , while he is always late.||coo(punctual, late.@whereas) or coo(punctual, late) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |while||@while*||Remain standing while they sing.||dur(stand, sing.@while) or dur(stand, sing) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |yet||@but||He is extremely poor, yet he is as happy as a king.||and(king.@but, poor) | ||
| + | |} | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | |||
== Tenses == | == Tenses == | ||
Revision as of 12:53, 7 December 2009
Conjunctions
* indicates optional representation
| Conjunction | Attribute | English | UNL |
|---|---|---|---|
| after | @after | The books will be sent to the library after I have read them. | tim(send, read.@after) |
| although | @although | Although they have arrived early they could not enter. | seq(enter, arrive.@although) |
| and | @and* | He sold an apartment and bought a country-house. | and(buy, sell.@and) or and(buy, sell) |
| as | @as* | The situation is not so bad as you suggest. | man(bad, suggest.@as) or man(bad, suggest) |
| as | @because* | It`s empty, as it had been upside down | rsn(empty, upside.@because) or rsn(empty, upside) |
| as | @when* | His hands trembled as he spoke. | tim(tremble, speak.@when) or tim(tremble, speak) |
| as if | @as.@if | He gives orders as if he were the master of the house. | man(give, master.@as.@if) |
| as though | @as.@if | He treated me as though I were a stranger. | man(treat, stranger.@as.@if) |
| as well as | @and* | Robert, as well as Smith, deservers punishment. | and(Smith.@and, Robert) or and(Smith, Robert) |
| because | @because* | He said he cannot go because he is very busy. | rsn(go, busy.@because) or rsn(go, busy) |
| before | @before | Look before you leap. | tim(look, leap.@before) |
| both... and | @and* | He both speaks and writes perfectly. | and(write.@and, speak) or and(write, speak) |
| but | @but | He is young but sensible. | and(sensible.@but, young) |
| either... or | @or* | He will arrive either tomorrow or the day after tomorrow. | or(day.@or, tomorrow) or or(day, tomorrow) |
| even if | @even.@if | I intend to go even if it rains. | con(go, rain.@even.@if) or con(go, rain.@even) |
| even though | @although | Even though I was really tired, I couldn`t sleep. | seq(sleep, tired.@although) |
| except if | @except.@if | I intend to go except if it rains. | con(go, rain.@except.@if) or(go, rain.@except) |
| for | @because* | We must go, for it is late. | rsn(go, late.@because) or rsn(go, late) |
| if | - | I asked him if he intended to travel this month. | obj(ask, intend) |
| if | @if* | If you promise to come, I will wait for you. | con(wait, promise.@if) or con(wait, promise) |
| in case (that) | @in_case | He wears two watches in case one of them stops. | rsn(wear, stop.@in_case) |
| neither... nor | @and* | He drinks neither tea nor milk. | and(milk.@and.@not, tea.@not) or and(milk.@not, tea.@not) |
| nor | @and* | He would not buy it nor would he accept it as a gift. | and(accept.@and.@not, buy.@not) or and(accept.@not, buy.@not) |
| not only... but also | @and* | Not only does Sue raise money for the symphony, but she also ushers at all of their concerts. | and(usher.@and, raise) or and(usher, raise) |
| only if | .@if.@only | Only if you promise to come, I will wait for you. | con(wait, promise.@if.@only) or con(wait, promise.@only) |
| or | .@or* | You must prove that you are right or apologize | or(apologize.@or, prove) or or(apologize, prove) |
| since | @because* | Since you don`t like this model, I`ll show you another one | rsn(show, like.@because) or rsn(show, like) |
| since | @since* | What have you been doign since I last say you? | tmf(do, say.@since) or tmf(do, say) |
| so | @so* | We are late for the train, so we must take a taxi. | seq(take, late.@so) or seq(take, late) |
| so that | @so* | He preferred to work in the morning, so that he might be free in the afternoon. | seq(free, prefer.@so) or seq(free, prefer) |
| than | - | You are taller than he (is). | bas(tall, he) |
| that | - | I know that is impossible. | obj(know, impossible) |
| that | @because* | He is so hoarse that we can hardly hear what he says. | rsn(hear, hoarse.@because) or rsn(hear, hoarse) |
| that | @so* | He ran that he might arrive in time. | seq(arrive.@so, run) or seq(arrive, run) |
| then | @so* | Our expenses will be very heavy: we will have to buy a great number of books; then we`ll have to pay several debts. | seq(pay.@so, buy) or seq(pay, buy) |
| though | @although | ||
| till | @until* | Wait till the day breaks. | tmt(wait, break.@until) or tmt(wait, break) |
| unless | @unless | I shall go unless it rains. | con(go, rain.@unless) |
| until | @until* | Wait until the day breaks. | tmt(wait, break.@until) or tmt(wait, break) |
| when | @when* | When I arrive I will write. | tim(write, arrive.@when) or tim(write, arrive) |
| whereas | @whereas* | You didn`t work yesterday, whereas he worked till midnight. | coo(work, work.@whereas) or coo(work, work) |
| whether | - | I asked him whether he intended to travel this month. | obj(ask, travel) |
| whether... or | @or* | I would like to know whether he is in France or in England. | or(England, France) |
| while | @whereas* | You were punctual , while he is always late. | coo(punctual, late.@whereas) or coo(punctual, late) |
| while | @while* | Remain standing while they sing. | dur(stand, sing.@while) or dur(stand, sing) |
| yet | @but | He is extremely poor, yet he is as happy as a king. | and(king.@but, poor) |
Tenses
- Simple present = @present (He speaks = speak.@present)
- Present progressive = @present.@progressive (He is speaking = speak.@present.@progressive)
- Simple past = @past (He spoke = speak.@past)
- Past progressive = @past.@progressive (He was speaking = speak.@past.@progressive)
- Present Perfect Simple
- @past (finished action that has an influence on the present): He has spoken many times about that = speak.@past
- @present.@perfect (action that is still going on): He has spoken since yesterday = speak.@present.@perfect
- @past.@recent (action that stopped recently): He has just spoken = speak.@past.@recent
- Present Perfect Progressive
- @past.@progressive (finished action that has an influence on the present): He has been speaking many times about that = speak.@ast.@progressive
- @present.@perfect.@progressive (action that is still going on) = He has been speaking since yesterday = speak.@present.@perfect.@progressive
- @past.@recent.@progressive (action that stopped recently): He has just been speaking = speak.@past.@recent.@progressive
- Past Perfect Simple = @past.@anterior (He had not spoken = speak.@past.@anterior)
- Past Perfect Progressive = @past.@anterior.@progressive (He had been speaking. = speak.@past.@anterior.@progressive)
- Future Simple = @future (He will speak = speak.@future)
- Near future = @future.@recent (He is going to speak = speak.@future.@near)
- Future Progressive = @future.@progressive (He will be speaking = speak.@future.@progressive.
- Future Perfect = @future.@anterior (He will have spoken = speak.@future.@anterior)
- Future Perfect Progressive = @future.@anterior.@progressive (He will have been speaking = speak.@future.@anterior.@progressive)
- Conditional = @past.@posterior (He would speak = speak.@past.@posterior)
- Conditional Progressive = @past.@posterior.@progressive (He would be speaking = speak.@past.@posterior.@progressive)
- Conditional Perfect = @past.@posterior.@perfective (He would have spoken = speak.@past.@posterior.@perfective
- Conditional Perfect Progressive = @past.@posterior.@perfective.@progressive (He would have been speaking = speak.@past.@posterior.@perfective.@progressive)
