| Conjunction
|
Attribute
|
English
|
UNL
|
| after |
@after |
The books will be sent to the library after I have read them. |
tim(send, read.@after)
|
| although |
@although |
Although they have arrived early they could not enter. |
seq(enter, arrive.@although)
|
| and |
@and* |
He sold an apartment and bought a country-house. |
and(buy, sell.@and) or and(buy, sell)
|
| as |
@as* |
The situation is not so bad as you suggest. |
man(bad, suggest.@as) or man(bad, suggest)
|
| as |
@because* |
It`s empty, as it had been upside down |
rsn(empty, upside.@because) or rsn(empty, upside)
|
| as |
@when* |
His hands trembled as he spoke. |
tim(tremble, speak.@when) or tim(tremble, speak)
|
| as if |
@as.@if |
He gives orders as if he were the master of the house. |
man(give, master.@as.@if)
|
| as though |
@as.@if |
He treated me as though I were a stranger. |
man(treat, stranger.@as.@if)
|
| as well as |
@and* |
Robert, as well as Smith, deservers punishment. |
and(Smith.@and, Robert) or and(Smith, Robert)
|
| because |
@because* |
He said he cannot go because he is very busy. |
rsn(go, busy.@because) or rsn(go, busy)
|
| before |
@before |
Look before you leap. |
tim(look, leap.@before)
|
| both... and |
@and* |
He both speaks and writes perfectly. |
and(write.@and, speak) or and(write, speak)
|
| but |
@but |
He is young but sensible. |
and(sensible.@but, young)
|
| either... or |
@or* |
He will arrive either tomorrow or the day after tomorrow. |
or(day.@or, tomorrow) or or(day, tomorrow)
|
| even if |
@even.@if |
I intend to go even if it rains. |
con(go, rain.@even.@if) or con(go, rain.@even)
|
| even though |
@although |
Even though I was really tired, I couldn`t sleep. |
seq(sleep, tired.@although)
|
| except if |
@except.@if |
I intend to go except if it rains. |
con(go, rain.@except.@if) or(go, rain.@except)
|
| for |
@because* |
We must go, for it is late. |
rsn(go, late.@because) or rsn(go, late)
|
| if |
- |
I asked him if he intended to travel this month. |
obj(ask, intend)
|
| if |
@if* |
If you promise to come, I will wait for you. |
con(wait, promise.@if) or con(wait, promise)
|
| in case (that) |
@in_case |
He wears two watches in case one of them stops. |
rsn(wear, stop.@in_case)
|
| neither... nor |
@and* |
He drinks neither tea nor milk. |
and(milk.@and.@not, tea.@not) or and(milk.@not, tea.@not)
|
| nor |
@and* |
He would not buy it nor would he accept it as a gift. |
and(accept.@and.@not, buy.@not) or and(accept.@not, buy.@not)
|
| not only... but also |
@and* |
Not only does Sue raise money for the symphony, but she also ushers at all of their concerts. |
and(usher.@and, raise) or and(usher, raise)
|
| only if |
.@if.@only |
Only if you promise to come, I will wait for you. |
con(wait, promise.@if.@only) or con(wait, promise.@only)
|
| or |
.@or* |
You must prove that you are right or apologize |
or(apologize.@or, prove) or or(apologize, prove)
|
| since |
@because* |
Since you don`t like this model, I`ll show you another one |
rsn(show, like.@because) or rsn(show, like)
|
| since |
@since* |
What have you been doign since I last say you? |
tmf(do, say.@since) or tmf(do, say)
|
| so |
@so* |
We are late for the train, so we must take a taxi. |
seq(take, late.@so) or seq(take, late)
|
| so that |
@so* |
He preferred to work in the morning, so that he might be free in the afternoon. |
seq(free, prefer.@so) or seq(free, prefer)
|
| than |
- |
You are taller than he (is). |
bas(tall, he)
|
| that |
- |
I know that is impossible. |
obj(know, impossible)
|
| that |
@because* |
He is so hoarse that we can hardly hear what he says. |
rsn(hear, hoarse.@because) or rsn(hear, hoarse)
|
| that |
@so* |
He ran that he might arrive in time. |
seq(arrive.@so, run) or seq(arrive, run)
|
| then |
@so* |
Our expenses will be very heavy: we will have payday loans to buy a great number of books; then we`ll have to pay several debts. |
seq(pay.@so, buy) or seq(pay, buy)
|
| though |
@although |
|
|
| till |
@until* |
Wait till the day breaks. |
tmt(wait, break.@until) or tmt(wait, break)
|
| unless |
@unless |
I shall go unless it rains. |
con(go, rain.@unless)
|
| until |
@until* |
Wait until the day breaks. |
tmt(wait, break.@until) or tmt(wait, break)
|
| when |
@when* |
When I arrive I will write. |
tim(write, arrive.@when) or tim(write, arrive)
|
| whereas |
@whereas* |
You didn`t work yesterday, whereas he worked till midnight. |
coo(work, work.@whereas) or coo(work, work)
|
| whether |
- |
I asked him whether he intended to travel this month. |
obj(ask, travel)
|
| whether... or |
@or* |
I would like to know whether he is in France or in England. |
or(England, France)
|
| while |
@whereas* |
You were punctual , while he is always late. |
coo(punctual, late.@whereas) or coo(punctual, late)
|
| while |
@while* |
Remain standing while they sing. |
dur(stand, sing.@while) or dur(stand, sing)
|
| yet |
@but |
He is extremely poor, yet he is as happy as a king. |
and(king.@but, poor)
|
| Form
|
Tag
|
UNL
|
Example
|
| Simple present
|
PRS
|
@present
|
He speaks = speak.@present
|
| Present progressive
|
PRS&PGS
|
@present.@progressive
|
He is speaking = speak.@present.@progressive)
|
| Simple past
|
PAS
|
@past
|
He spoke = speak.@past
|
| Past progressive
|
PAS&PGS
|
@past.@progressive
|
He was speaking = speak.@past.@progressive
|
| Present Perfect Simple
|
PRS&PFC
|
@past (finished action that has an influence on the present)
|
He has spoken many times about that = speak.@past
|
| @present.@perfect (action that is still going on)
|
He has spoken since yesterday = speak.@present.@perfect
|
| @past.@recent (action that stopped recently)
|
He has just spoken = speak.@past.@recent
|
| Present Perfect Progressive
|
PRS&PFC&PGS
|
@past.@progressive (finished action that has an influence on the present)
|
He has been speaking many times about that = speak.@past.@progressive
|
| @present.@perfect.@progressive (action that is still going on)
|
He has been speaking since yesterday = speak.@present.@perfect.@progressive
|
| @past.@recent.@progressive (action that stopped recently)
|
He has just been speaking = speak.@past.@recent.@progressive
|
| Past Perfect Simple
|
PAS&RPT
|
@past.@anterior
|
He had not spoken = speak.@past.@anterior)
|
| Past Perfect Progressive
|
PAS&RPT&PGS
|
@past.@anterior.@progressive
|
He had been speaking. = speak.@past.@anterior.@progressive
|
| Future Simple
|
FUT
|
@future
|
He will speak = speak.@future
|
| Near future
|
FUN
|
@future.@recent
|
He is going to speak = speak.@future.@recent
|
| Future Progressive
|
FUT&PGS
|
@future.@progressive
|
He will be speaking = speak.@future.@progressive.
|
| Future Perfect
|
FUT&RPT
|
@future.@anterior
|
He will have spoken = speak.@future.@anterior
|
| Future Perfect Progressive
|
FUT&RPT&PGS
|
@future.@anterior.@progressive
|
He will have been speaking = speak.@future.@anterior.@progressive
|
| Conditional
|
CON
|
@past.@posterior
|
He would speak = speak.@past.@posterior
|
| Conditional Progressive
|
CON&PGS
|
@past.@posterior.@progressive
|
He would be speaking = speak.@past.@posterior.@progressive
|
| Conditional Perfect
|
CON&PFC
|
@past.@posterior.@perfective
|
He would have spoken = speak.@past.@posterior.@perfective
|
| Conditional Perfect Progressive
|
CON&RPT&PGS
|
@past.@posterior.@perfective.@progressive
|
He would have been speaking = speak.@past.@posterior.@perfective.@progressive)
|
