S-rule

S-rule (syntactic rule) is the formalism used for describing syntactic structures and syntactic operations in the UNL^arium framework.

When to use S-rules

S-rules are used for:

• subcategorization, i.e., defining the number and the type of arguments of a given base form:
  • composition, i.e., creating compounds out of the base forms (such as "take">"take into account");
  • government, i.e., defining the relationship between a form and its dependants, such as in c-selection, agreement and case marking
• distribution, i.e., defining the order and adjacency of word forms; and
• projection, i.e., projecting syntactic structures out of the constituents.

When not to use S-rules

S-rules are not used for for affixation (prefixation, infixation, suffixation) or spelling changes, which must be addressed by A-rules and Ph-rules, respectively.

Types of S-rules

There are four types of S-rules:

• Head extension extends a given head.
• Specification creates a specifier (determiner) to the head;
• Complementation creates a complement (object) to the head; and
• Adjunction creates an adjunct (modifier) to the head.

For further information on the constituents "head", "specifier", "complement" and "adjunct", see Syntax.

Syntax

S-rules comply with the following syntax:

CONDITION := RELATION(HEAD; ARGUMENT);

Where

• CONDITION (optional) is a tag or list of tags, extracted from the UNDLF Tagset, that indicates when the rule should be applied. It may also be a relation or a list of relations in case of projection rules. The condition must be omitted in case of general rules (i.e., when the rule is always applied).
• RELATION is the syntactic relation, extracted from the syntactic roles, between the head and its argument. An S-rule may comprise several different relations, to be separated by ",".
• HEAD (optional) is the head of the syntactic structure, which is to be omitted when does not undergo any change;
• ARGUMENT (optional in case of head-only relations) is the argument (the specifier, the complement or the adjunct) of the head.

The HEAD and the ARGUMENT may be expressed as:

• a "string" (strings must come between parentheses);
• a [lemma] (lemmas must come between square brackets);
• a feature or a set of features, separated by comma, and extracted from the the UNDLF Tagset;
• a direction (">",">>","<","<<");
• an index between the left and the right side of the rule (to be specified by the syntax %name);
• an action, to be performed through an A-rule; and
• a syntactic relation itself.

Examples

Examples of S-rules:

• composition
  • VA("into account"); (add the string "into account" as the adjunct of the verb)
• periphrasis
  • FUT:=IH([will]); (add the lemma "will" as the head of the inflectional phrase in case of future)
• c-selection
  • VC(PP([in])); (the complement of the verb is a prepositional phrase headed by the preposition "in")
• agreement
  • VS(ANUM,APER); (the specifier of the verb assigns number (ANUM) and person (APER) to its head
• case marking
  • VS(NOM); (the specifier of the verb receives the case nominative (NOM)
• distribution
  • VA(>>); (the adjunct of the verb comes at the right side of the verb after a blank space)
• projection
  • VS(%head;%spec)VB(%head;%comp):=VP(VB(%head;%comp);%spec); (integrate the two relations on the left side into a single relation)