Adverbs

Adverbs are open-class LRUs that modify any part of the language other than a noun. Adverbs can modify verbs, adjectives (including numbers), clauses, sentences and other adverbs.

Natural Language

In the UNL^arium framework, adverbs are classified in four different categories: specifiers, adjuncts, conjuncts and disjuncts.

• Specifier adverbs (SAV) (such as “not”, “more”, “less”, “very”, etc) are adverbs that do not really introduce new information, but only specify the information conveyed by a verb, an adjective or another adverb. They do not constitute properly an open class category and many of them may be replaced by other closed class categories, such as affixes (not happy = unhappy, write again = rewrite, more happy = happier);
• Adjunct adverbs (AAV) (such as “slowly”, “always”, “frequently”, “here”, etc) are adverbs that qualify a verb, an adjective or another adverb by indicating manner, time, place and frequency. They answer questions such as "how", "when", "where" and "how often". They differ from specifier adverbs in the sense they introduce and can be associated to independent concepts;
• Conjuncts (CJT) (such as "in addition", "in other words", "for instance", etc) are connecting adverbs that add information to the sentence that is not considered part of the propositional content (or at least not essential) but which connects the sentence with previous parts of the discourse; and
• Disjuncts (DJT) (aka adverbs of viewpoint or commenting adverbs, such as "fortunately", "in my opinion", etc) express information that is not considered essential to the sentence it appears in, but which is considered to be the speaker's or writer's attitude towards, or descriptive statement of, the propositional content of the sentence.

UNL

In UNL, adverbs are represented as UWs or attributes, depending on the case:

• Specifier adverbs are represented by attributes of degree (@not, @more, @less, @plus, @minus, @almost, @again, etc);

Specifier adverbs

Type	English	UNL
Negative	not intelligent	intelligent.@not
Approximative	almost intelligent	intelligent.@almost
Comparative	more intelligent	intelligent.@more
Intensifier	very intelligent	intelligent.@plus

• Adjunct adverbs are always represented as UWs:

Adjunct adverbs

Type	English	UNL
Manner	go fast	man(go, fast)
Time	go now	tim(go, now)
Place	live here	plc(live, here)
Frequency	do usually	man(do, usually)

• Conjuncts are represented as UWs linked to the whole sentence (to be treated as a hypernode) by the relation man (manner).

Conjuncts

English	UNL
He has no money. In addition, he has no means of getting any	man("he has no means of getting any", "in addition")
The French love music. In other words, music is appreciated in France.	man("music is appreciated in France", "in other words")

• Disjuncts are represented as follows:
  • As attributes, if their meaning can be subsumed by any of the attributes of modality (such as @belief, @conviction, etc); or
  • As UWs, otherwise.

Disjuncts

English	UNL
Fortunately, I have it right here.	man("I have it right here", "fortunately")
In my opinion, the green one is better.	"the green one is better".@opinion

Observation

Not all intensifiers are represented as attributes. Many adjunct adverbs (such as amazingly, absurdly, sharply, terribly, deeply, unbelievably, etc) may also be used to amplify adjectives. However, as they are not only intensifiers but also qualifiers, they must be represented as UWs:

Intensifiers

Type	English	UNL
Amplifier	very difficult	difficult.@plus
	absurdly difficult	man(difficult, absurdly)
Downtoner	a bit difficult	difficult.@minus
	relatively difficult	man(difficult, relatively)