English grammar

Conjunctions

* indicates optional representation

Conjunction	Attribute	English	UNL
after	@after	The books will be sent to the library after I have read them.	tim(send, read.@after)
although	@although	Although they have arrived early they could not enter.	seq(enter, arrive.@although)
and	@and*	He sold an apartment and bought a country-house.	and(buy, sell.@and) or and(buy, sell)
as	@as*	The situation is not so bad as you suggest.	man(bad, suggest.@as) or man(bad, suggest)
as	@because*	It`s empty, as it had been upside down	rsn(empty, upside.@because) or rsn(empty, upside)
as	@when*	His hands trembled as he spoke.	tim(tremble, speak.@when) or tim(tremble, speak)
as if	@as.@if	He gives orders as if he were the master of the house.	man(give, master.@as.@if)
as though	@as.@if	He treated me as though I were a stranger.	man(treat, stranger.@as.@if)
as well as	@and*	Robert, as well as Smith, deservers punishment.	and(Smith.@and, Robert) or and(Smith, Robert)
because	@because*	He said he cannot go because he is very busy.	rsn(go, busy.@because) or rsn(go, busy)
before	@before	Look before you leap.	tim(look, leap.@before)
both... and	@and*	He both speaks and writes perfectly.	and(write.@and, speak) or and(write, speak)
but	@but	He is young but sensible.	and(sensible.@but, young)
either... or	@or*	He will arrive either tomorrow or the day after tomorrow.	or(day.@or, tomorrow) or or(day, tomorrow)
even if	@even.@if	I intend to go even if it rains.	con(go, rain.@even.@if) or con(go, rain.@even)
even though	@although	Even though I was really tired, I couldn`t sleep.	seq(sleep, tired.@although)
except if	@except.@if	I intend to go except if it rains.	con(go, rain.@except.@if) or(go, rain.@except)
for	@because*	We must go, for it is late.	rsn(go, late.@because) or rsn(go, late)
if	-	I asked him if he intended to travel this month.	obj(ask, intend)
if	@if*	If you promise to come, I will wait for you.	con(wait, promise.@if) or con(wait, promise)
in case (that)	@in_case	He wears two watches in case one of them stops.	rsn(wear, stop.@in_case)
neither... nor	@and*	He drinks neither tea nor milk.	and(milk.@and.@not, tea.@not) or and(milk.@not, tea.@not)
nor	@and*	He would not buy it nor would he accept it as a gift.	and(accept.@and.@not, buy.@not) or and(accept.@not, buy.@not)
not only... but also	@and*	Not only does Sue raise money for the symphony, but she also ushers at all of their concerts.	and(usher.@and, raise) or and(usher, raise)
only if	.@if.@only	Only if you promise to come, I will wait for you.	con(wait, promise.@if.@only) or con(wait, promise.@only)
or	.@or*	You must prove that you are right or apologize	or(apologize.@or, prove) or or(apologize, prove)
since	@because*	Since you don`t like this model, I`ll show you another one	rsn(show, like.@because) or rsn(show, like)
since	@since*	What have you been doign since I last say you?	tmf(do, say.@since) or tmf(do, say)
so	@so*	We are late for the train, so we must take a taxi.	seq(take, late.@so) or seq(take, late)
so that	@so*	He preferred to work in the morning, so that he might be free in the afternoon.	seq(free, prefer.@so) or seq(free, prefer)
than	-	You are taller than he (is).	bas(tall, he)
that	-	I know that is impossible.	obj(know, impossible)
that	@because*	He is so hoarse that we can hardly hear what he says.	rsn(hear, hoarse.@because) or rsn(hear, hoarse)
that	@so*	He ran that he might arrive in time.	seq(arrive.@so, run) or seq(arrive, run)
then	@so*	Our expenses will be very heavy: we will have to buy a great number of books; then we`ll have to pay several debts.	seq(pay.@so, buy) or seq(pay, buy)
though	@although
till	@until*	Wait till the day breaks.	tmt(wait, break.@until) or tmt(wait, break)
unless	@unless	I shall go unless it rains.	con(go, rain.@unless)
until	@until*	Wait until the day breaks.	tmt(wait, break.@until) or tmt(wait, break)
when	@when*	When I arrive I will write.	tim(write, arrive.@when) or tim(write, arrive)
whereas	@whereas*	You didn`t work yesterday, whereas he worked till midnight.	coo(work, work.@whereas) or coo(work, work)
whether	-	I asked him whether he intended to travel this month.	obj(ask, travel)
whether... or	@or*	I would like to know whether he is in France or in England.	or(England, France)
while	@whereas*	You were punctual , while he is always late.	coo(punctual, late.@whereas) or coo(punctual, late)
while	@while*	Remain standing while they sing.	dur(stand, sing.@while) or dur(stand, sing)
yet	@but	He is extremely poor, yet he is as happy as a king.	and(king.@but, poor)

Determiners

Determiner	Attribute	English	UNL
a, an	@indef	a book	book.@indef
a few	@paucal	a few books	book.@paucal
a little	@paucal	a little ammount	ammount.@paucal
a lot of	@multal	a lot of books	book.@multal
all	@all	all books	book.@all
another	@other	another book	book.@other
any	@any	any book	book.@any
both	@both	both books	book.@both
each	@each	each book	book.@each
either	@either	either book	book.@either
else	@other	something else	something.@else
every	@every	every book	book.@every
few	@paucal	few books	book.@paucal
little	@paucal	little damage	damage.@paucal
many	@multal	many books	book.@multal
much	@multal	much effort	effort.@multal
neither	@neither	neither foot	foot.@neither
no	@not	no book	book.@not
other	@other	other book	book.@other
own	@own	own book	book.@own
same	@same	same book	book.@same
several	@multal	several books	book.@multal
some	@paucal	some books	book.@paucal
such	@such	such books	book.@such
that, those	@distal	that book	book.@distal
the	@def	the book	book.@def
this, these	@proximal	this book	book.@proximal
what	@wh	what book	book.@wh
whatever	@wh	whatever book	book.@wh
which	@wh	which book	book.@wh
whichever	@wh	whichever book	book.@wh

Prepositions

• for
• in
• of
• to

Verb forms

Form	Tag	UNL	Example
Simple present	PRS	@present	He speaks = speak.@present
Present progressive	PRS&PGS	@present.@progressive	He is speaking = speak.@present.@progressive)
Simple past	PAS	@past	He spoke = speak.@past
Past progressive	PAS&PGS	@past.@progressive	He was speaking = speak.@past.@progressive
Present Perfect Simple	PRS&PFC	@past (finished action that has an influence on the present)	He has spoken many times about that = speak.@past
		@present.@perfect (action that is still going on)	He has spoken since yesterday = speak.@present.@perfect
		@past.@recent (action that stopped recently)	He has just spoken = speak.@past.@recent
Present Perfect Progressive	PRS&PFC&PGS	@past.@progressive (finished action that has an influence on the present)	He has been speaking many times about that = speak.@past.@progressive
		@present.@perfect.@progressive (action that is still going on)	He has been speaking since yesterday = speak.@present.@perfect.@progressive
		@past.@recent.@progressive (action that stopped recently)	He has just been speaking = speak.@past.@recent.@progressive
Past Perfect Simple	PAS&RPT	@past.@anterior	He had not spoken = speak.@past.@anterior)
Past Perfect Progressive	PAS&RPT&PGS	@past.@anterior.@progressive	He had been speaking. = speak.@past.@anterior.@progressive
Future Simple	FUT	@future	He will speak = speak.@future
Near future	FUN	@future.@recent	He is going to speak = speak.@future.@near
Future Progressive	FUT&PGS	@future.@progressive	He will be speaking = speak.@future.@progressive.
Future Perfect	FUT&RPT	@future.@anterior	He will have spoken = speak.@future.@anterior
Future Perfect Progressive	FUT&RPT&PGS	@future.@anterior.@progressive	He will have been speaking = speak.@future.@anterior.@progressive
Conditional	CON	@past.@posterior	He would speak = speak.@past.@posterior
Conditional Progressive	CON&PGS	@past.@posterior.@progressive	He would be speaking = speak.@past.@posterior.@progressive
Conditional Perfect	CON&PFC	@past.@posterior.@perfective	He would have spoken = speak.@past.@posterior.@perfective
Conditional Perfect Progressive	CON&RPT&PGS	@past.@posterior.@perfective.@progressive	He would have been speaking = speak.@past.@posterior.@perfective.@progressive)