Pronouns: Difference between revisions

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To be represented:
To be represented:
*as pronoun UWs, in case of exophora (i.e., when reference is made to an extra-sentential referent); and
*as pronoun attributes assigned to the [[null UW]], in case of exophora (i.e., when reference is made to an extra-sentential referent); and
*by their referents in case of endophora (i.e., when reference is made to an intra-sentential referent, which may come either before (anaphora) or after (cataphora) the pronoun).
*by their referents in case of endophora (i.e., when reference is made to an intra-sentential referent, which may come either before (anaphora) or after (cataphora) the pronoun).


== Personal Pronouns ==
== Personal Pronouns ==


To be represented by pronoun UWs, as follows:
To be represented as 00.@1 (first person), 00.@2 (second person) and 00.@3 (third person), as follows:


  100000001
  00.@1 - the speaker: I (en), me (en), we (en), us (en), je (fr), on (fr), nous (fr);
00.@2 - the addressee : you (en), tu (fr), vous (fr);
00.@3 - other: he (en), she (en), it (en), they (en), il (fr), elle (fr), ils (fr), elles (fr).


They can be modified by the following attributes:


;[[Number]]
:@pl (00.@1.@pl = we (en);
;[[Gender]]
:@male (00.@3.@male = he)
:@female (00.@3.@female = she)
:@neutral (00.@3.@neutral = it)
;[[Social Deixis]]
:@polite (00.@2.@polite = vous (fr))
;[[Discourse]]
:@emphasis (00.@1.@emphasis = I [did it] myself)


    * Personal pronouns stand in place of the names of people or things:
Dummy (semantically empty) pronouns (used when grammatical rules require a noun), such as in "It is raining", must not be represented.  
          o Subjective pronouns are used when the person or thing is the subject of the sentence or clause. English example: I like to eat chips, but she does not.
                + Second person formal and informal pronouns (T-V distinction). For example, vous and tu in French. There is no distinction in modern English though Elizabethan English marked the distinction with "thou" (singular informal) and "you" (plural or singular formal).
                + Inclusive and exclusive "we" pronouns indicate whether the audience is included. There is no distinction in English.
                + Intensive pronouns, also known as emphatic pronouns, re-emphasize a noun or pronoun that has already been mentioned. English uses the same forms as for the reflexive pronouns; for example: I did it myself (contrast reflexive use, I did it to myself).
          o Objective pronouns are used when the person or thing is the object of the sentence or clause. English example: John likes me but not her.
                + Direct and indirect object pronouns. English uses the same forms for both; for example: Mary loves him (direct object); Mary sent him a letter (indirect object).
                + Reflexive pronouns are used when a person or thing acts on itself. English example: John cut himself.
                + Reciprocal pronouns refer to a reciprocal relationship. English example: They do not like each other.
          o Prepositional pronouns come after a preposition. No distinct forms exist in English; for example: Anna and Maria looked at him.
          o Disjunctive pronouns are used in isolation or in certain other special grammatical contexts. No distinct forms exist in English; for example: Who does this belong to? Me.
          o Dummy pronouns are used when grammatical rules require a noun (or pronoun), but none is semantically required. English example: It is raining.
          o Weak pronouns.
    * Possessive pronouns are used to indicate possession or ownership.
          o In strict sense, the possessive pronouns are only those that act syntactically as nouns. English example: Those clothes are mine.
          o Often, though, the term "possessive pronoun" is also applied to the so-called possessive adjectives (or possessive determiners). For example, in English: I lost my wallet. They are not strictly speaking pronouns because they do not substitute for a noun or noun phrase, and as such, some grammarians classify these terms in a separate lexical category called determiners (they have a syntactic role close to that of adjectives, always qualifying a noun).
    * Demonstrative pronouns distinguish the particular objects or people that are referred to from other possible candidates. English example: I'll take these.
    * Indefinite pronouns refer to general categories of people or things. English example: Anyone can do that.
          o Distributive pronouns are used to refer to members of a group separately rather than collectively. English example: To each his own.
          o Negative pronouns indicate the non-existence of people or things. English example: Nobody thinks that.
    * Relative pronouns refer back to people or things previously mentioned. English example: People who smoke should quit now.
          o Indefinite relative pronouns have some of the properties of both relative pronouns and indefinite pronouns. They have a sense of "referring back", but the person or thing to which they refer has not previously been explicitly named. English example: I know what I like.
    * Interrogative pronouns ask which person or thing is meant. English example: Who did that?
          o In many languages (e.g., Czech, English, French, Interlingua, and Russian), the sets of relative and interrogative pronouns are nearly identical. Compare English: Who is that? (interrogative) to I know who that is. (relative).


[edit] Pronouns and d
== Possessive Pronouns ==
 
To be represented as Personal Pronouns as the target argument of a relation "POS".
 
My book = pos(book, 00.@1)
 
== Demonstrative Pronouns ==
 
To be represented as "00.@proximal" (proximal), "00.@medial" (medial) and "00.@distal" (distal).
 
;00.@proximal
:used to refer to the person, thing or event present, nearby, just mentioned or about to be said.
::this, these (en): '''This''' is my cat. '''These''' are my tools.
::ceci, celui-ci, celle-ci, ceux-ci, celles-ci (fr): Tout '''ceci''' ne me plaît guère.
::éste, estos, ésta, éstas (es)
 
;00.@medial
:used to refer to the one designated, implied, mentioned, or understood.
::that, those (en): What kind of soup is '''that'''?
::cela, celui-là, celle-là, ceux-là, celles-là (fr): Qui c'est '''celui-là'''?
::aquél, aquéllos, aquélla, aquéllas (es)
 
;00.@distal
:used to refer to something near the addresse.
::that, those (en): What kind of soup is '''that'''?
::cela, celui-là, celle-là, ceux-là, celles-là (fr): Qui c'est '''celui-là'''?
::ése, ésos, ésa, esas (es)
 
== Indefinite Pronouns ==
 
To be represented by the null UW and the corresponding attributes.
 
 
== Relative Pronouns ==
 
To be represented by the antecedent. The attribute @relative must be assigned to the main entry of the relative clause.
 
;Hunter is the boy '''who''' kissed Monique.
:aoj(boy, Hunter)
:agt(kiss.@relative, boy)
;Hunter is the boy to whom Monique gave a gift.
:aoj(boy, Hunter)
:gol(give.@relative, boy)
;Jack built the house in which I now live.
:obj(build, house)
:plc(live.@relative, house)
;Jack is the boy whose friend built my house.
:aoj(boy, Jack)
:pos(friend, Jack)
:agt(build.@relative, friend)
 
== Interrogative Pronouns ==
 
To be represented by the [[null uw]] and the attribute .@wh.
 
;Who is he?
:aoj(he, 00.@wh)
:Where is he?
:plc(he, 00.@wh)
:How is he?
:man(he, 00.@wh)

Revision as of 09:26, 7 December 2009

To be represented:

  • as pronoun attributes assigned to the null UW, in case of exophora (i.e., when reference is made to an extra-sentential referent); and
  • by their referents in case of endophora (i.e., when reference is made to an intra-sentential referent, which may come either before (anaphora) or after (cataphora) the pronoun).

Personal Pronouns

To be represented as 00.@1 (first person), 00.@2 (second person) and 00.@3 (third person), as follows: 

00.@1 - the speaker: I (en), me (en), we (en), us (en), je (fr), on (fr), nous (fr);
00.@2 - the addressee : you (en), tu (fr), vous (fr);
00.@3 - other: he (en), she (en), it (en), they (en), il (fr), elle (fr), ils (fr), elles (fr).

They can be modified by the following attributes:

Number
@pl (00.@1.@pl = we (en);
Gender
@male (00.@3.@male = he)
@female (00.@3.@female = she)
@neutral (00.@3.@neutral = it)
Social Deixis
@polite (00.@2.@polite = vous (fr))
Discourse
@emphasis (00.@1.@emphasis = I [did it] myself)

Dummy (semantically empty) pronouns (used when grammatical rules require a noun), such as in "It is raining", must not be represented.

Possessive Pronouns

To be represented as Personal Pronouns as the target argument of a relation "POS". 

My book = pos(book, 00.@1)

Demonstrative Pronouns

To be represented as "00.@proximal" (proximal), "00.@medial" (medial) and "00.@distal" (distal).

00.@proximal
used to refer to the person, thing or event present, nearby, just mentioned or about to be said.
this, these (en): This is my cat. These are my tools.
ceci, celui-ci, celle-ci, ceux-ci, celles-ci (fr): Tout ceci ne me plaît guère.
éste, estos, ésta, éstas (es)
00.@medial
used to refer to the one designated, implied, mentioned, or understood.
that, those (en): What kind of soup is that?
cela, celui-là, celle-là, ceux-là, celles-là (fr): Qui c'est celui-là?
aquél, aquéllos, aquélla, aquéllas (es)
00.@distal
used to refer to something near the addresse.
that, those (en): What kind of soup is that?
cela, celui-là, celle-là, ceux-là, celles-là (fr): Qui c'est celui-là?
ése, ésos, ésa, esas (es)

Indefinite Pronouns

To be represented by the null UW and the corresponding attributes.


Relative Pronouns

To be represented by the antecedent. The attribute @relative must be assigned to the main entry of the relative clause.

Hunter is the boy who kissed Monique.
aoj(boy, Hunter)
agt(kiss.@relative, boy)
Hunter is the boy to whom Monique gave a gift.
aoj(boy, Hunter)
gol(give.@relative, boy)
Jack built the house in which I now live.
obj(build, house)
plc(live.@relative, house)
Jack is the boy whose friend built my house.
aoj(boy, Jack)
pos(friend, Jack)
agt(build.@relative, friend)

Interrogative Pronouns

To be represented by the null uw and the attribute .@wh.

Who is he?
aoj(he, 00.@wh)
Where is he?
plc(he, 00.@wh)
How is he?
man(he, 00.@wh)
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