English grammar: Difference between revisions

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== Conjunctions ==
<nowiki>*</nowiki> indicates optional representation
{|border="1" cellpadding="5"
!Conjunction
!Attribute
!English
!UNL
|-
|after||@after||The books will be sent to the library after I have read them.||tim(send, read.@after)
|-
|although||@although||Although they have arrived early they could not enter.||seq(enter, arrive.@although)
|-
|and||@and*||He sold an apartment and bought a country-house.||and(buy, sell.@and) or and(buy, sell)
|-
|as||@as*||The situation is not so bad as you suggest.||man(bad, suggest.@as) or man(bad, suggest)
|-
|as||@because*||It`s empty, as it had been upside down||rsn(empty, upside.@because) or  rsn(empty, upside)
|-
|as||@when*||His hands trembled as he spoke.||tim(tremble, speak.@when) or tim(tremble, speak)
|-
|as if||@as.@if||He gives orders as if he were the master of the house.||man(give, master.@as.@if)
|-
|as though||@as.@if||He treated me as though I were a stranger.|| man(treat, stranger.@as.@if)
|-
|as well as||@and*||Robert, as well as Smith, deservers punishment.||and(Smith.@and, Robert) or and(Smith, Robert)
|-
|because||@because*||He said he cannot go because he is very busy.||rsn(go, busy.@because) or rsn(go, busy)
|-
|before||@before||Look before you leap.||tim(look, leap.@before)
|-
|both... and||@and*||He both speaks and writes perfectly.||and(write.@and, speak) or and(write, speak)
|-
|but||@but||He is young but sensible.||and(sensible.@but, young)
|-
|either... or||@or*||He will arrive either tomorrow or the day after tomorrow.|| or(day.@or, tomorrow) or or(day, tomorrow)
|-
|even if||@even.@if||I intend to go even if it rains.||con(go, rain.@even.@if) or con(go, rain.@even)
|-
|even though||@although||Even though I was really tired, I couldn`t sleep.||seq(sleep, tired.@although)
|-
|except if||@except.@if||I intend to go except if it rains.||con(go, rain.@except.@if) or(go, rain.@except)
|-
|for||@because*||We must go, for it is late.||rsn(go, late.@because) or rsn(go, late)
|-
|if||-||I asked him if he intended to travel this month.||obj(ask, intend)
|-
|if||@if*||If you promise to come, I will wait for you.||con(wait, promise.@if) or con(wait, promise)
|-
|in case (that)||@in_case||He wears two watches in case one of them stops.||rsn(wear, stop.@in_case)
|-
|neither... nor||@and*||He drinks neither tea nor milk.||and(milk.@and.@not, tea.@not) or and(milk.@not, tea.@not)
|-
|nor||@and*||He would not buy it nor would he accept it as a gift.||and(accept.@and.@not, buy.@not) or and(accept.@not, buy.@not)
|-
|not only... but also||@and*||Not only does Sue raise money for the symphony, but she also ushers at all of their concerts.||and(usher.@and, raise) or and(usher, raise)
|-
|only if||.@if.@only||Only if you promise to come, I will wait for you.||con(wait, promise.@if.@only) or con(wait, promise.@only)
|-
|or||.@or*||You must prove that you are right or apologize||or(apologize.@or, prove) or or(apologize, prove)
|-
|since||@because*||Since you don`t like this model, I`ll show you another one|| rsn(show, like.@because) or rsn(show, like)
|-
|since||@since*||What have you been doign since I last say you?||tmf(do, say.@since) or tmf(do, say)
|-
|so||@so*||We are late for the train, so we must take a taxi.||seq(take, late.@so) or seq(take, late)
|-
|so that||@so*||He preferred to work in the morning, so that he might be free in the afternoon.||seq(free, prefer.@so) or seq(free, prefer)
|-
|than||-||You are taller than he (is).||bas(tall, he)
|-
|that||-||I know that is impossible.||obj(know, impossible)
|-
|that||@because*||He is so hoarse that we can hardly hear what he says.||rsn(hear, hoarse.@because) or rsn(hear, hoarse)
|-
|that||@so*||He ran that he might arrive in time.||seq(arrive.@so, run) or seq(arrive, run)
|-
|then||@so*||Our expenses will be very heavy: we will have <span class="plainlinks">[https://www.paydayloanranger.com <span style="color:black;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none!important;background:none!important; text-decoration:none;">payday loans</span>]</span> to buy a great number of books; then we`ll have to pay several debts.||seq(pay.@so, buy) or seq(pay, buy)
|-
|though||@although||||
|-
|till||@until*||Wait till the day breaks.|| tmt(wait, break.@until) or tmt(wait, break)
|-
|unless||@unless||I shall go unless it rains.||con(go, rain.@unless)
|-
|until||@until*||Wait until the day breaks.||tmt(wait, break.@until) or tmt(wait, break)
|-
|when||@when*||When I arrive I will write.||tim(write, arrive.@when) or tim(write, arrive)
|-
|whereas||@whereas*||You didn`t work yesterday, whereas he worked till midnight.||coo(work, work.@whereas) or coo(work, work)
|-
|whether||-||I asked him whether he intended to travel this month.||obj(ask, travel)
|-
|whether... or||@or*||I would like to know whether he is in France or in England.||or(England, France)
|-
|while||@whereas*||You were punctual , while he is always late.||coo(punctual, late.@whereas) or coo(punctual, late)
|-
|while||@while*||Remain standing while they sing.||dur(stand, sing.@while) or dur(stand, sing)
|-
|yet||@but||He is extremely poor, yet he is as happy as a king.||and(king.@but, poor)
|}


== Determiners ==  
== Determiners ==  

Revision as of 22:15, 26 July 2012

Determiners

Determiner Attribute English UNL
a, an @indef a book book.@indef
a few @paucal a few books book.@paucal
a little @paucal a little ammount ammount.@paucal
a lot of @multal a lot of books book.@multal
all @all all books book.@all
another @other another book book.@other
any @any any book book.@any
both @both both books book.@both
each @each each book book.@each
either @either either book book.@either
else @other something else something.@other
every @every every book book.@every
few @paucal few books book.@paucal
little @paucal little damage damage.@paucal
many @multal many books book.@multal
most @most most books book.@most
much @multal much effort effort.@multal
neither @neither neither foot foot.@neither
no @not no book book.@not
other @other other book book.@other
own @own own book book.@own
same @same same book book.@same
several @multal several books book.@multal
some @paucal some books book.@paucal
such @such such books book.@such
that, those @distal that book book.@distal
the @def the book book.@def
this, these @proximal this book book.@proximal
what @wh what book book.@wh
whatever @wh whatever book book.@wh
which @wh which book book.@wh
whichever @wh whichever book book.@wh

Prepositions

Verbs

Verb forms

Form Tag UNL Example
Simple present PRS @present He speaks = speak.@present
Present progressive PRS&PGS @present.@progressive He is speaking = speak.@present.@progressive)
Simple past PAS @past He spoke = speak.@past
Past progressive PAS&PGS @past.@progressive He was speaking = speak.@past.@progressive
Present Perfect Simple PRS&PFC @past (finished action that has an influence on the present) He has spoken many times about that = speak.@past
@present.@perfect (action that is still going on) He has spoken since yesterday = speak.@present.@perfect
@past.@recent (action that stopped recently) He has just spoken = speak.@past.@recent
Present Perfect Progressive PRS&PFC&PGS @past.@progressive (finished action that has an influence on the present) He has been speaking many times about that = speak.@past.@progressive
@present.@perfect.@progressive (action that is still going on) He has been speaking since yesterday = speak.@present.@perfect.@progressive
@past.@recent.@progressive (action that stopped recently) He has just been speaking = speak.@past.@recent.@progressive
Past Perfect Simple PAS&RPT @past.@anterior He had not spoken = speak.@past.@anterior)
Past Perfect Progressive PAS&RPT&PGS @past.@anterior.@progressive He had been speaking. = speak.@past.@anterior.@progressive
Future Simple FUT @future He will speak = speak.@future
Near future FUN @future.@recent He is going to speak = speak.@future.@recent
Future Progressive FUT&PGS @future.@progressive He will be speaking = speak.@future.@progressive.
Future Perfect FUT&RPT @future.@anterior He will have spoken = speak.@future.@anterior
Future Perfect Progressive FUT&RPT&PGS @future.@anterior.@progressive He will have been speaking = speak.@future.@anterior.@progressive
Conditional CON @past.@posterior He would speak = speak.@past.@posterior
Conditional Progressive CON&PGS @past.@posterior.@progressive He would be speaking = speak.@past.@posterior.@progressive
Conditional Perfect CON&PFC @past.@posterior.@perfective He would have spoken = speak.@past.@posterior.@perfective
Conditional Perfect Progressive CON&RPT&PGS @past.@posterior.@perfective.@progressive He would have been speaking = speak.@past.@posterior.@perfective.@progressive)
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